Recent Advances in Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) Vaccines and Their Delivery Systems: A Review

Figures & data

Figure 1 Structural elements of mRNA vaccines.

Figure 2 mRNA encapsulated in Lipid nanoparticle. PEG, Polyethylene glycol.

Table 1 Examples of mRNA vaccines (candidates) for infectious diseases, cancer, and other disorders currently in clinical trials.³⁵⁵ (as of July 14, 2023)

Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number)	Name of the mRNA Vaccine	Condition	Delivery System (Route of Administration)	Phase	Status	Sponsor
NCT04847102	SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine/ ARCoV-005	SARS-CoV-2	LNP (IM)	III	Recruiting	Walvax Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
NCT03164772	BI 1361849 (formerly CV9202)	Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer	NI (ID)	I/II	Completed	Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
NCT04978038	mRNA-COVID19-D3-2021	SARS-CoV2 Infection	NI (IM)	IV	Not yet recruiting	Mark Loeb
NCT05144139	COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (SWC002)	Covid-19	NI(IM)	I/II	Completed	Stemirna Therapeutics
NCT05639894	RSV mRNA LNP CL-0059 and RSV mRNA LNP CL-0137	Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection	LNP (IM)	I/II	Active, not recruiting	Sanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi Company
NCT00833781	mRNA-transfected autologous dendritic cells	HIV-1 Infection	NI(ID)	I/II	Completed	Massachusetts General Hospital
NCT00204516	mRNA coding for melanoma associated antigens	Malignant Melanoma	NI(SC)	I/II	Completed	University Hospital Tuebingen
NCT05823974	GSK4382276A	Influenza, Human	NI(IM)	I/II	Recruiting	GlaxoSmithKline
NCT05526066	ARCT-810	Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency (OTCD)	LNP (IV RECRUITING)	II	Recruiting	Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc.
NCT05650554	MRT5413	Influenza Immunization	NI(IM)	I/II	Active, not recruiting	Sanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi Company
NCT04852861	BNT162b2	Covid19	LNP (IM)	IV	Completed	Sciensano
NCT05079633	mRNA-1273	Covid19	LNP (IM)	IV	Active, not recruiting	National Taiwan University Hospital
NCT01446731	mRNA transfected DC	Prostatic Neoplasms	(Direct injection of DCs)	II	Completed	Inge Marie Svane
NCT05939648	LVRNA021	SARS-CoV-2	NI (IM)	II	Not yet recruiting	AIM Vaccine Co., Ltd.
NCT04382898	BNT112	Prostate Cancer	LPX (IV bolus)	I/II	Recruiting	BioNTech SE
NCT00204607	Stabilized Tumor mRNA	Malignant Melanoma	NI(ID)	I/II	Completed	University Hospital Tuebingen
NCT05127434	mRNA-1345	Respiratory Syncytial Virus	NI(IM)	II/III	Recruiting	ModernaTX, Inc.
NCT04232280	mRNA-1647	Cytomegalovirus Infection	Lyophilized (IM)	II	Completed	ModernaTX, Inc.
NCT04159103	mRNA-3927	Propionic Acidemia	LNP(IV)	I/II	Recruiting	ModernaTX, Inc.

Abbreviations: NI, No Information; LNP, Lipid nanoparticle; LPX, Lipoplex, DC, Dendritic cell; IM, Intramuscular; ID, Intradermal; IV, Intravenous; SC, Subcutaneous.

National Library of Medicine. Clinical trials.gov. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/. Accessed July 14, 2023.

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