Evaluation of the Anti-Malarial Activity of the Crude Root Extract and Solvent Fraction of Sesamum indicum (Fabaceae)

Figures & data

Table 1 Parasitemia and Survival Time of Infected Mice Treated with Crude Root Extract of Sesamum indicum in the 4-Day Suppressive Test

Animal Group	Parasitemia Level	% Suppression	Mean Survival Time
% TW80	35.92±0.83	–	7.9±0.45
CQ 25mg/kg	0.00±0.00	100.00±0.00^a***	28.22±0.63^a***
200mg/kg	21.60±0.67	39.87±1.43^a***^b***^d*^e***	10.36±0.67^b***^d**^e***
400mg/kg	18.47±0.74	48.58±2.44^a***^b***^e***	14.09±0.49^a***^b***^e*
600mg/kg	13.23±0.86	63.17±0.78^a***^b***	19.51±0.37^a***^b***

Notes: Data are expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 6; a, compared to 2% TW80; b, to CQ25 mg/kg; d, to 400 mg/kg; e, to 600 mg/kg; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

Abbreviations: 2%TW80, 2% Tween 80; CQ, chloroquine.

Table 2 Effect of Crude Root Extract of Sesamum indicum on Body Weight, Rectal Temperature and Packed Cell Volume of Infected Mice in the 4-Day Suppressive Test

Groups	Body Weight			Rectal Temperature			Packed Cell Volume
	D0	D4	%Change	D0	D4	%Change	D0	D4	%Change
2% TW80	28.85±0.97	27.32±0.65	−5.30	37.03±1.26	35.52±0.81	−4.08	53.59±2.04	51.13±1.71	−4.59
CQ25mg/kg	28.59±1.55	28.20±0.37	−1.36^a***	36.88±0.13	36.68±0.38	−0.54^a***	52.04±1.05	51.88±0.98	−0.31^a***
200mg/kg	28.92±1.02	27.76±2.32	−4.01^b***^e**	36.90±0.33	35.85±0.26	−2.85^a***^b***^e***	53.02±0.12	51.20±2.21	−3.43^a***^b***^e**
400mg/kg	28.09±2.09	27.18±2.00	−3.24^a***^b***^e**	35.92±0.41	35.08±0.69	−2.34^a***^b***	54.34±0.73	53.30±1.36	−1.91^a***^b***
600mg/kg	28.96±1.27	28.40±1.53	−1.94^a***	35.42±0.64	34.93±0.67	−1.38^a***^b**	55.63±0.43	55.04±1.05	−1.06^a***^b***

Notes: Data are expressed as mean ±SEM; n=6; a, compared to 2% TW80; b, to CQ25 mg/kg; e, to 600 mg/kg; *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001.

Abbreviations: 2% TW80, 2% Tween80; CQ, chloroquine; D0, pre-treatment value on day 0; D4, post –treatment value on day 4.

Table 3 Parasitemia, Suppression and Mean Survival Time of Infected Mice Treated with Solvent Fractions of the Root of Sesamum indicum in the 4-Day Suppressive Test

Groups	% Parasitemia	% Suppression	Mean Survival Time (Days)
2% TW80	34.65±0.53	–	8.10±0.23
CQ25 mg/kg	0.00±0.00	100.00±0.00^a***	28.23±0.15^a***
200 mg/kg AF	30.25±0.23	12.70^a***^b***^e*	9.15±0.53^a***^b***^e*
400 mg/kg AF	29.05±0.42	16.16^a***^b***	10.08±0.26^a***^b***
600 mg/kg AF	27.98±0.25	19.23^a***^b***	11.28±0.34^a***^b***
2% TW80	34.95±0.46	–	8.04±0.33
CQ25 mg/kg	0.00±0.00	100.00±0.00^a***	28.13±0.05^a***
200 mg/kg BF	23.01±0.27	34.16^a***^b***^e*	11.89±0.31^a***^b***^e*
400 mg/kg BF	20.41±0.33	41.60^a***^b***	13.62±0.24^a***^b***
600 mg/kg BF	18.22±0.21	47.87^a***^b***	15.44±0.16^a***^b***
2% TW80	34.35±0.55	–	8.14±0.11
CQ25 mg/kg	0.00±0.00	100.00±0.00^a***	28.00±0.05^a***
200 mg/kg CF	25.71±0.31	25.15^a***^b***^e*	11.65±0.27^a***^b***^e*
400 mg/kg CF	23.32±0.20	32.11^a***^b***	12.22±0.44^a***^b***
600 mg/kg CF	21.66±0.24	36.94^a***^b***	13.14±0.42^a***^b***

Notes: Data are expressed as mean ±SEM; n=6; a, compared to 2% TW80; b, to CQ25 mg/kg; e, to 600 mg/kg; *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001.

Abbreviations: 2% TW80, 2% Tween80; CQ, chloroquine; AF, aqueous fraction; BF, butanol fraction; CF, chloroform fraction.

Table 4 Body Weight, Rectal Temperature and Packed Cell Volume of Infected Mice Treated with Solvent Fractions of the Root of Sesamum indicum in the 4-Day Suppressive Test

Groups	Body Weight			Rectal Temperature			Packed Cell Volume
	D3	D7	%Change	D3	D7	%Change	D3	D7	%Change
2% TW80	28.69±1.46	26.80±1.45	−6.59	36.01±0.26	34.72±0.11	−3.58	58.14±1.48	52.94±.1.39	−8.94
CQ25mg/kg	29.18±1.64	28.87±1.33	−1.06^a***	35.93±0.47	35.87±0.25	−0.17^a**	59.99±1.82	58.44±1.31	−0.76^a***
200mg/kg AF	28.77±1.73	27.23±1.80	−5.35^a***^b***^e*	36.77±0.31	35.13±0.29	−4.46^a***^b***	59.98±2.26	56.07±2.87	−6.5^a***^b***
400mg/kg AF	27.96±0.95	26.58±0.74	−4.94^a***^b***	36.83±0.34	35.53±0.38	−3.53^a***^b***	59.59±1.78	56.51±2.17	−5.17^a***^b***
600mg/kg AF	30.00±1.08	28.82±1.30	−3.93^a***^b***	36.52±0.18	35.38±0.23	−3.12^a***^b***	58.31±2.46	55.74 ±2.4	−4.41^a***^b**
2% TW80	29.19±1.46	27.50±1.65	−5.79	36.00±0.36	34.91±0.31	−3.02	58.34±1.34	52.89±.1.67	−9.34
CQ25mg/kg	30.08±1.11	29.67±1.35	−1.36^a***	35.27±0.64	35.14±0.45	−0.37^a*	59.96±1.72	58.14±2.42	−0.30^a***
200mg/kg BF	28.07±1.43	27.03±1.66	−3.72^a***^b***^e**	36.55±0.33	35.69±0.91	−2.35^a***^b***^e*	58.89±1.76	57.07±2.37	−3.09^a***^b***^e*
400mg/kg BF	29.16±1.45	28.18±1.44	−3.36^a***^b***	36.33±0.28	35.57±0.28	−2.09^a***^b***	58.79±2.35	57.41±1.64	−2.35^a***^b***
600mg/kg BF	30.12±1.70	29.32±1.29	−2.66^a***^b***	36.02±0.28	35.48±0.23	−1.50^a***^b***	58.61±2.66	57.44. ±1.50	−2.00^a***^b**
2% TW80	29.49±1.46	27.94±1.65	−5.25	36.00±0.66	34.94±0.51	−2.94	58.26±1.08	52.99±.1.91	−9.05
CQ25mg/kg	30.18±1.81	29.67±1.15	−1.69^a***	35.43±0.41	35.58±0.55	0.42^a***	58.73±1.82	58.33±1.22	−0.68^a***
200mg/kg CF	28.07±1.73	26.23±1.46	−6.56^a***^b***^e*	36.77±0.33	35.65±0.39	−3.01^a***^b***	58.71±2.61	56.25 ±2.50	−4.20^a***^b***
400mg/kg CF	27.36±1.43	26.08±1.46	−4.68^a***^b***	36.63±0.68	35.68±0.28	−2.60^a***^b***	59.39±2.35	56.98±2.94	−4.06^a***^b***
600mg/kg CF	29.02±1.11	28.12±1.33	−3.10^a***^b***	36.61±0.84	35.70±0.57	−2.45^a***^b***	59.88±1.27	57.94±3.27	−3.24^a***^b***

Notes: Data are expressed as mean ±SEM; n=6; a, compared to 2% TW80; b, to CQ25 mg/kg; e, to 600 mg/kg; *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001.

Abbreviations: 2% TW80, 2% Tween80; CQ, chloroquine; D3, pre-treatment value on day 0; D7, post- treatment value on day 4; AF, aqueous fraction; BF, butanol fraction; CF, chloroform fraction.

Table 5 Parasitemia, Suppression and Survival Time of Infected Mice Treated with n-Butanol Fraction of the Root of Sesamum indicum in the Curative Test

Groups	% Parasitemia	% Suppression	Survival Time (Days)
2% TW80	75.45±0.43	–	6.9
CQ25mg/kg	0.00±0.00	100.00±0.00^a***	28.05±0.03^a***
200mg/kg BF	44.23±0.32	47.14±0.14^a***^b***^e***	12.35±0.50^a***^b***^e*
400mg/kg BF	39.41±0.61	50.28±0.11^a***^b***^e**	13.21±0.28^a***^b***^e*
600mg/kg BF	31.89±0.33	57.22±0.53^a***^b***	14.44±0.13^a***^b***

Notes: Data are expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 6; a, compared to 2% TW80; b, to CQ25 mg/kg; e, to 600 mg/kg; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

Abbreviations: 2% TW80, 2% Tween80; BF, butanol fraction; CQ, chloroquine.

Table 6 The Effect of n-Butanol Fraction of Sesamum indicum on Body Weight, Rectal Temperature and Packed Cell Volume of Infected Mice in the Curative Test

Groups	Body Weight			Rectal Temperature			Packed Cell Volume
	D3	D7	%Change	D3	D7	%Change	D3	D7	%Change
2% TW80	29.15±0.37	26.20±0.25	−10.12	36.13±1.44	33.42±1.32	−7.50	51.68±0.54	44.03±0.17	−14.80
CQ25mg/kg	28.92±1.08	28.26±0.17	−2.28^a***	36.58±0.54	36.52±0.28	−0.16^a***	52.48±0.65	52.14±1.49	−0.65^a***
200mg/kg	29.12±1.02	27.02±2.43	−7.21^a***^b***^e*	36.10±0.53	34.94±0.64	3.21^a***^b***	51.62±0.44	47.94±1.21	−7.13^a***^b***^d**^e***
400mg/kg	28.69±1.09	26.78±1.70	6.66^a***^b***	35.82±0.16	34.78±0.38	−2.90^a***^b***	52.66±0.65	50.35±1.36	−4.39^a***^b***
600mg/kg	28.40±1.78	26.75±1.43	5.81^a***^b***	37.00±0.43	36.32±0.72	−1.83^a***^b***	51.55±0.31	49.53±1.51	−3.92^a***^b***

Notes: Data are expressed as mean ±SEM; n=6; a, compared to 2% TW80; b, to CQ25 mg/kg; d, to 400 mg/kg; e, to 600 mg/kg; *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001.

Abbreviations: 2% TW80, 2% Tween80; CQ, chloroquine; D0, pre-treatment value on day 0; D4, post- treatment value on day 4.

Figure 1 Parasitemia development throughout the 5-day treatment with n-butanol fraction of the root of Sesamum indicum in Rane’s model.

Table 7 Phytochemical Screening of the Root Crude Extract and Solvent Fraction of Sesamum indicum

Metabolites	Crude Extract	AF	CF	n-BF
Alkaloids	+	-	+	+
Flavonoids	+	+	+	+
Glycosides	+	+	+	+
Polyphenol	+	+	+	+
Saponins	+	-	-	-
Steroids	+	+	+	+
Tannins	+	+	+	+
Terpenoids	+	+	+	+

Abbreviations: +, present; _, absent; AF, Aqueous fraction; CF, chloroform fraction; n-BF, n-butanol fraction.