Evaluation of Diuretic Activity of Aqueous and Hydro Methanolic Crude Extracts and Solvent Fraction of the Hydromethanolic Flower Extract of Erica Arborea L. (Ericaceae) in Swiss Albino Mice

Figures & data

Figure 1 Photographs of Erica arborea. L at its habitat.

Table 1 Phytochemical Screenings of Aqueous, Hydromethanolic Extract & Solvent Fraction of Flower of E.arborea

	AQ	HM	HXF	EAF	AQF
Alkaloids	+	+	+	+	+
Glycosides	+	+	–	–	+
Flavonoids	+	+++	+++	++	+
Phenols	++	+++	++	+++	++
Tannins	–	+++	++	+++	–
Steroids	–	–	–	–	–
Terpenoids	–	+++	++	+++	–
Saponins	+++	++	+	+	+++

Notes: -: absent, +: mild presence, ++: moderate presence, +++: high presence.

Abbreviations: AQ, Aqueous extract; HM, Hydro methanol extract; HXF, Hexane fraction; EAF, Ethyl acetate fraction; AQF, Aqueous fraction.

Table 2 Effect of AQ & HM Flower Extract of Erica Arborea on Urine Volume in Mice

Group	Volume of Urine (mL)					Diuretic Action	Diuretic activity
	1h	2h	3 h	4 h	5 h
NC	0.13±0.02	0.27±0.03	0.33±0.02	0.40±0.03	0.50±0.03	–	–
SF10	1.17±0.08	1.65±0.11	1.90±0.15	2.12±0.16	2.37±0.16	3.4	1
AQ100	0.13±0.02^b***	0.25±0.02^b***	0.43±0.03^b***	0.53±0.02^b***	0.62±0.02^b***	1.6	0.48
AQ200	0.15±0.03^b***	0.28±0.03^b***	0.45±0.02^b***	0.83±0.02^a**^b***	0.95±0.03^a**^b***^c*	1.8	0.54
AQ400	0.27±0.03^b***	0.58±0.03^a**^b***	0.95±0.02^a***^b***^c***^d*	1.13±0.02^a***^b***^c***^d*	1.35±0.03^a***^b***^c***^d**	2.1	0.62
HM100	0.17±0.02	0.35±0.03	0.83±0.02 ^a***^c**	0.93±0.02^a***^c**	1.12±0.02^a***^c***	1.7	0.5
HM200	0.35±0.02^a**^b***	0.68±0.04^a***^b***^c***^d**	1.13±0.02^a***^b***^c***^d***^f*	1.33±0.02^a***^b***^c***^d***^f**	1.53±0.03^a***^b***^c***^d***^f**	2.5	0.72
HM400	0.55±0.04^a***^c**	1.00±0.05^a***^d***^f***	1.43±0.02^a***^e***^f***^g*	1.73±0.02^a***^b**	2.03±0.03^a***^b**^e***	3.3	0.97

Notes: Each value represents mean ± SEM; (n=6), Analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA. ^aAgainst NC; ^bAgainst SF; ^cAgainst AQ100; ^dAgainst AQ200; ^eAgainst AQ400; ^fAgainst HM100; ^gAgainst HM 200; *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001. Numbers following AQ and HM indicate dose/kg.

Abbreviations: NC, Negative Control group receiving vehicle; AQ, Aqueous crude extract receiving groups; SF, Standard Furosemide 10 mg/kg receiving group; HM, Hydro methanol crude extract receiving group.

Table 3 Effect of HM Solvent Fractions of Flower of Erica Arborea on Urine Volume in Mice

Group	Volume of Urine (mL)					Diuretic action	Diuretic activity
	1h	2h	3 h	4 h	5 h
2%TW80	0.25±0.04	0.48±0.05	0.65±0.06	0.77±0.04	0.95±0.02	–	–
SF	0.92±0.15	1.67±0.17	2.08±0.08	2.58±0.08	3.00±0.01	3.06	1
HXF100	0.37±0.4^b***	0.68±0.05^b***	0.95±0.06^a**^b***	1.07±0.04^a**^b***	1.23±0.02^a***^b***	1.10	0.4
HXF200	0.48± 0.05^b**	0.88±0.05^a**^b***	1.25±0.06^a***^b***^c**	1.47±0.04^a***^b***^c***	1.73±0.02^a***^b***^c***	1.59	0.52
HXF400	0.58 ± 0.05^a*^b*	1.08±0.05^a***^b***^c**	1.55±0.06^a***^b***^c***^d**	1.87±0.04^a***^b***^c***^d***	2.23±0.02^a***^b***^c***^d***	2.20	0.72
EAF100	0.55± 0.02^b**	1.05±0.02^b***	1.45±0.02^a***^b***	1.75±0.02^a***^b***	1.95±0.02^a***^b***	2.05	0.67
EAF200	0.65 ±0.02^a**^b*	1.25±0.02^a***^b***	1.75±0.02^a***^b**^c*	2.05±0.02^a***^b***^c**	2.45±0.02^a***^b***^c***	2.43	0.79
EAF400	0.75± 0.02^a***	1.45±0.02^a***^c**	2.05±0.02^a***c***d**	2.35±0.02^a***^c***^d*	2.95±0.02^a***^c***^d***	2.55	0.83
DW	0.33 ±0.07	0.47±0.003	0.68±0.05	0.87±0.06	1.03±0.04	–	–
AQF100	0.45±0.06^b***	0.57±0.03^b***	0.78±0.05^b***	0.97±0.06^b***	1.13±0.04^b***	1.19	0.38
AQF200	0.55 ±0.06^b***	0.77±0.03^a*^b***	1.08±0.05^a***^b***	1.27±0.06^a***^b***^c**	1.53±0.04^a***^b***^c***	1.6	0.52
AQF400	0.55±0.06^b***	0.89±0.03^a**^b***^c**	1.38±0.05^a***^b***^c***^d**	1.65±0.06^a***^b***^c***^d***	2.03±0.04^a***^b***^c***^d***	2.07	0.68

Notes: Results are expressed as mean ± SEM; (n=6), ^aAgainst negative control group receiving the vehicle (DW for AQF or 2%TW80 for other fractions) ^bAgainst SF, ^cAgainst 100mg/kg ^dAgainst 200 mg/kg (in each fraction types). *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001. Numbers following abbreviations indicate dose/kg.

Abbreviations: 2%TW80, 2% Tween 80 in water; DW, Distilled water; SF, Standard Furosemide 10 mg/kg receiving group; HXF, n-Hexane fraction; EAF, Ethyl acetate fraction; AQF, Aqueous Fraction.

Table 4 Effect of AQ & HM Flower Extract of Erica Arborea on Urine Electrolyte in Mice

Group	Urinary Electrolyte Excretion (mmol/L)			Saluretic Index			Na^+/K^+	Cl^−/Na^++ K^+
	Na^+	K^+	Cl^−	Na^+	K^+	Cl^−
NC	48.98±0.32	37.83±0.48	69.90±0.86	-	-	-	1.29	0.8
SF10	103.37±0.55	86.67±0.84	121.67±0.71	2.11	2.29	1.74	1.19	0.64
AQ100	54.00±0.32 ^a***^b***^f***	49.00±0.58^a***^b***	72.32±1.17^b***^f***	1.1	1.29	1.03	1.10	0.7
AQ200	68.67±0.84 ^a***^b***^c***^g***	65.50±0.89^a***^b***^g***	81.83±0.80^a***^b***^g***	1.4	1.73	1.17	1.05	0.61
AQ400	96.83±0.60^a***^b***^c***^d***^h*	95.50±0.43^a***^b***^d***^h***	114.00±1.46^a***^b***^c***^d***^h***	1.98	2.52	1.63	1.01	0.59
HM100	75.83±0.60^a***^b***^g***^h***	48.27±0.37^a***^b***	88.83±0.87^a***^b***	1.55	1.28	1.27	1.57	0.72
HM200	83.50±0.76^a***^b***	53.50±0.76^a***^b***^f***	96.43±0.67^a***^b***^f***	1.70	1.41	1.53	1.56	0.70
HM400	101.37±0.83^a***	79.45±0.78^a***^b***^f***^g***	124.67±1.17^a***^f***^g***	2.07	2.10	1.78	1.28	0.69

Notes: Each value represents mean ± SEM; (n=6), Analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test; ^aAgainst NC; ^bAgainst SF; ^cAgainst AQ100; ^dAgainst AQ200; ^fAgainst HM100; ^gAgainst HM 200; ^hAgainst HM400 *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001. Numbers following abbreviations indicate dose/kg. Saluretic index = Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻ of the test group / Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻ of the control group; natriuretic index (the ratio of Na⁺ to K⁺)= Na⁺/K⁺ and CAI index (the ratio of cl⁻ to sum of Na⁺andk⁺) =Cl⁻/Na⁺+K⁺ in the same group.

Abbreviations: NC, Negative Control group receiving vehicle; SF, Standard Furosemide 10 mg/kg receiving group; AQ, Aqueous crude extract receiving groups; HM, Hydro methanol crude extract receiving group.

Table 5 Effect of HM Solvent Fractions of Flower of Erica Arborea on Urinary Electrolyte in Mice

Group	Urinary Electrolyte Excretion (mmol/L)			Saluretic Index			Na^+/K^+	Cl/Na^++ K^+
	Na^+	K^+	Cl^−	Na^+	K^+	Cl^−
2%TW80	48.92±0.33	38.00±0.43	69.90±0.86	-	-	-	1.29	0.8
SF	103.37±0.55^a***	86.67±0.84 ^a***	121.67±0.71^a***	2.11	2.28	1.74	1.19	0.64
HXF100	51.83±0.79	41.17±1.01	71.50±0.56	1.06	1.08	1.02	1.24	0.76
HXF200	59.00±1.15^a***^b***	54.00±0.86^a***^b***	82.18±0.74^a***^b***	1.20	1.42	1.18	1.09	0.72
HXF400	75.50±0.56^a***^b***^c***	62.90±0.79^a***^b***^c***^d***	95.33±0.61^a***^b***^c***^d***	1.54	1.66	1.36	1.20	0.69
EAF100	67.67±0.49^a***^b***	44.50±1.89^a*^b***	80.50±0.43^a***^b***	1.38	1.15	1.15	1.15	0.61
EAF200	91.00±0.58^a***^b***^c*	61.83±0.48^a***^b***^c***	82.83±0.60^a***	1.86	1.63	1.18	1.47	0.54
EAF400	100.00±0.97^a***^b*^c***	70.98±0.56^a***^b***^c***^d***	126.30±0.32^a***^b**^c***^d***	2.04	1.84	1.81	1.40	0.73
DW	46.17±0.48	37.83±0.48	70.23±0.58	-	-	-	1.29	0.83
AQF100	48.98±0.32^b***	39.50±0.43^b***	72.20±0.31^b***	1.03	1.04	1.03	1.21	0.81
AQF200	49.00±1.03^b***	66.50±0.67^a***^b***	74.20±0.31^b***	1.06	1.75	1.05	0.73	0.64
AQF400	66.33±0.33^a***^b***^c***	96.50±1.12 ^a***^b***^c***	94.33±0.21^a***^b***	1.38	2.44	1.42	0.68	0.57

Notes: Results are expressed as mean ± SEM; (n=6), ^aAgainst negative control group receiving the vehicle (DW for AQF or 2%TW80 for other fractions) ^bAgainst SF, ^cAgainst 100mg/kg ^dAgainst 200 mg/kg (in each fraction types). *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001 Saluretic index = Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻ of the test group / Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻ of the control group; natriuretic index (the ratio of Na⁺ to K⁺) = Na⁺/K⁺ and CAI index (the ratio of cl⁻ to sum of Na⁺andk⁺) =Cl⁻/Na⁺+K⁺ in the same group. Numbers following abbreviations indicate dose/kg.

Abbreviations: 2% TW80, 2% Tween 80 in water; DW, distilled water; SF, Standard Furosemide 10 mg/kg receiving group; HXF, n-Hexane fraction; EAF, Ethyl acetate fraction; AQF, Aqueous fraction.

Figure 2 Effect of AQ and HM flower extract of Erica arborea on urine pH in mice.

Notes: Each value represent the mean ± SEM, n = 6, ^aagainst NC;**p<0.01; ***p<0.001. Numbers following AQ and HM indicate dose/kg.

Abbreviations: NC, Negative Control group receiving vehicle; AQ, Aqueous crude extract receiving group HM, Hydro methanol crude extract receiving group.

Figure 3 Effect of HM solvent fractions of flower of Erica arborea on urine pH in mice.

Notes: Each value represent the mean ± SEM, n = 6, ^aAgainst negative control group receiving the vehicle (DW for AQF or 2%TW80 for others) **p<0.01; ***p<0.001. Numbers following HXF, EAF, and AQF indicate dose/kg.

Abbreviations: 2%TW80, negative control group receiving 2% Tween 80 in water; DW, distilled water; HXF, n-Hexane fraction; EAF, Ethyl acetate fraction; AQF: Aqueous fraction.

Figure 4 Electrolyte content of flower of Erica arborea (mmol/l).

Notes: K⁺ represent potassium content in mmol/l. Numbers following AQ, HM, and AQF indicate dose/kg.

Abbreviations: AQ, Aqueous crude extract; HM, Hydromethanolic crude extract; AQF, Aqueous fraction.