Association Between Serum Uric Acid Levels and Suicide Attempts in Adolescents and Young Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: A Retrospective Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of participant selection.

Abbreviations: MDD, major depressive disorder; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; SCH, schizophrenia; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; BD, bipolar disorder; SA, suicide attempt.

Table 1 Demographic, Lifestyle, and Clinical Characteristics of Included Participants

	History of Suicide Attempts (N = 168)	No History of Suicide Attempts (N = 365)	t/χ2/ Z	P-value
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)
Demographics
Age (years)	17.19 ± 2.83	17.83 ± 3.02	−2.313	<0.05
Sex, female, n (%)	130 (77.4%)	262 (71.8%)	1.854	0.173
Education (years)	11.11 ± 2.29	11.43 ± 2.37	−1.464	0.144
Lifestyle
BMI (kg/m^2)	19.82 ± 2.18	20.12 ± 2.30	−1.417	0.157
Smoking, yes, n (%)	27 (16.1%)	31 (8.5%)	6.813	<0.01
Alcohol use, n (%)				<0.01 ^a
Never	138 (82.1%)	331 (90.7%)
Occasionally	26 (15.5%)	34 (9.3%)
Frequently	4 (2.4%)	0 (0%)
Clinical features
Age of onset (years)	14.96 ± 3.16	15.85 ± 3.40	−2.840	<0.01
Duration of disease (months)	15.00 (6.00~36.00)	12.00 (6.00~36.00)	−1.216	0.224
Psychosis family history, yes, n (%)	26 (15.5%)	53 (14.5%)	0.083	0.773
Antidepressant use, n (%)			7.827	<0.01
None	72 (42.8%)	204 (55.9%)
SSRIs	68 (40.5%)	113 (30.9%)
SNRIs	7 (4.2%)	20 (5.5%)
Other	21 (12.5%)	28 (7.7%)
PHQ-9	19.83 ± 5.64	17.34 ± 5.88	4.600	<0.001
GAD-7	13.60 ± 5.84	12.43 ± 5.44	2.247	<0.05

Notes: ^a Fisher’s exact test. Bold and italics P-values indicate significance (P < 0.05).

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; IQR, inter quartile range; BMI, Body mass index; SSRIs, selective serotonin re uptake inhibitors; SNRIs, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; other, including bupropion, tandospirone, buspirone, quetiapine, agomelatine, mirtazapine, alprazolam; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7.

Figure 2 Comparison of serum UA levels in the SA and non-SA group in all participants, or female and male participants, respectively.

Note: *P < 0.001.

Abbreviations: UA, uric acid; SA, suicide attempt.

Table 2 Logistic Regression Analysis of Attempted Suicide and UA Levels

Item	Independent Variable	B	OR	95% CI	P-value
Overall^a	Uric acid	−0.004	0.996	0.993~0.999	<0.01
Female^b	Uric acid	−0.007	0.993	0.989~0.996	<0.001
Male^c	Uric acid	0.001	1.001	0.996~1.007	0.609

Notes: ^aControl age, smoking, alcohol use, age of onset, antidepressant use, depression and anxiety symptoms severity, ^bcontrol smoking, alcohol use, age of onset, antidepressant use, depression and anxiety symptoms severity, ^ccontrol depression symptoms severity. Bold and italics P-values indicate significance (P < 0.05).