Dry Eye and Some Related Factors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy: A Cross-Sectional Study in Vietnam

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of Demographic and Laboratory Characteristics in Group 1 and Group 2

Clinical Characteristics and Laboratory Parameters	Total (n=338)	Group T2DN (n=169)	Group T2DM (n=169)	p
Ages (Years), (± SD)	64.19 ± 10.21	66.47 ± 9.4	61.91 ± 10.51	< 0.001
Sex
Male (n,%)	163 (48.2)	83 (49.1)	80 (47.3)	0.744
Female (n,%)	175 (51.8)	86 (50.9)	89 (52.7)
Duration of DM, Median (IQR)	10 (5–14)	11 (8–17)	8 (4–10)	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)
< 18.5	30 (8.9)	13 (7.7)	17 (10.1)	0.746
18.5–22.9	148 (43.8)	75 (44.4)	73 (43.2)
≥ 23.0	160 (47.3)	81 (47.9)	79 (46.7)
(± SD)	22.92 ± 3.36	22.95 ± 3.26	22.89 ± 3.46	0.866
BP
- Systolic BP, (± SD)	133.21 ± 17.87	135.54 ± 19.28	130.87 ± 16.07	0.016
- Diastolic BP, (± SD)	79.71 ± 8.76	80.87 ± 8.85	78.55 ± 8.53	0.015
- Hypertension (n,%)	136 (40.2)	82 (48.5)	54 (32)	0.002
Peripheral nerve complications (n,%)	58 (17.2)	45 (26.6)	13 (7.7)	< 0.001
Anemia (n,%)	139 (41.1)	86 (50.9)	53 (31.4)	< 0.001
Hemoglobin (g/L), (± SD)	127.6 ± 15.42	124.91 ± 17.1	130.28 ± 13.04	0.001
Hematocrit (L/L), (± SD)	0.38 ± 0.05	0.36 ± 0.06	0.39 ± 0.03	< 0.001
Plasma protein (g/L), (± SD)	68.91 ± 7.14	68.77 ± 6.91	69.06 ± 7.37	0.702
Plasma albumin (g/L), (± SD)	37.65 ± 4.33	36.98 ± 4.71	38.31 ± 3.82	0.005
Lipid disorder (n,%)	304 (89.9)	160 (94.7)	144 (85.2)	0.004
Glucose (mmol/L)
≥ 7.0	308 (91.1)	152 (89.9)	156 (92.3)	0.444
Median (IQR)	12.1 (10–17.4)	11.5 (9.34–16.1)	12.3 (10.2–17.44)	0.073
HbA1C (%)
≥ 6.5	321 (95)	159 (94.1)	162 (95.9)	0.455
Median (IQR)	9.56 (8–11)	9.32 (7.74–10.7)	9.76 (8.03–11.2)	0.032
Urea (mmol/L), Median (IQR)	5.94 (4.71–8.5)	6.9 (5.5–9.52)	5.1 (4.28–6.7)	< 0.001
Creatinine (µmol/L), Median (IQR)	81.9 (71.4–100.95)	98.8 (77.55–137.8)	77.3 (66.5–84)	< 0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)
< 60 (n,%)	88 (26)	88 (52.1)	0 (0)	< 0.001
- Median (IQR)	69.7 (57.72–83.7)	57.9 (40.65–73.4)	78.9 (69.4–86.8)	< 0.001
CRP-hs (mg/L), Median (IQR)	1.3 (0.85–2.3)	1.6 (0.9–2.55)	1.2 (0.8–2.1)	0.002
Using Insulin (n,%)	141 (41.7)	87 (51.5)	54 (32)	< 0.001
OSDI (Scale)
Normal (n%)	181 (53.6)	75 (44.4)	106 (62.7)	< 0.001
Mild (n,%)	49 (14.5)	21 (12.4)	28 (16.6)
Moderate (n,%)	30 (8.9)	13 (7.7)	17 (10.1)
Severe (n,%)	78 (23.1)	60 (35.5)	18 (10.7)
Median (IQR)	12 (6–31)	16 (8.5–39.5)	10 (6–20.5)	< 0.001
TBUT (second), Median (IQR)	13 (8–17)	9 (6–14.5)	14 (8–18)	< 0.001
Dry Eye (n,%)	157 (46.4)	94 (55.6)	63 (37.3)	0.001

Note: Italic value, significant differences.

Abbreviations: T2DN, Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy; T2DM, Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus; SD, Standard Deviation; DM, Diabetic Mellitus; IQR, Interquartile Range; BMI, Body Mass Index; BP, Blood Pressure; HbA1C, Hemoglobin A1C; eGFR, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; CRP-hs, High Sensitive C-reactive Protein; TBUT, tear-film break-up time; OSDI, Ocular Surface Disease Index.

Table 2 Comparison of Demographic and Laboratory Characteristics in Patient Diabetic Nephropathy with and without Dry Eye (n=169)

Clinical Characteristics and Laboratory Parameters	Total (n=169)	Dry Eye (n=94)	Non Dry Eye (n=75)	p
Ages (Years), (± SD)	66.47 ± 9.4	72.31 ± 7.44	59.14 ± 5.78	< 0.001
Sex:
Male (n,%)	83 (49.1)	38 (40.4)	45 (60)	0.011
Female (n,%)	86 (50.9)	56 (59.6)	30 (40)
Duration of DM, Median (IQR)	11 (8–17)	15 (10–20)	10 (4–15)	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)
< 18.5	13 (7.7)	8 (8.5)	5 (6.7)	0.68
18.5–22.9	75 (44.4)	39 (41.5)	36 (48)
≥ 23.0	81 (47.9)	47 (50)	34 (45.3)
(± SD)	22.95 ± 3.26	22.62 ± 2.83	23.36 ± 3.71	0.157
BP
- Systolic BP, (± SD)	135.54 ± 19.28	135.33 ± 19.83	135.81 ± 18.7	0.872
- Diastolic BP, (± SD)	80.87 ± 8.85	80.93 ± 8.38	80.78 ± 9.46	0.914
- Hypertension (n,%)	82 (48.5)	50 (53.2)	32 (42.7)	0.174
Peripheral nerve complications (n,%)	45 (26.6)	33 (35.1)	12 (16)	0.005
Anemia (n,%)	86 (50.9)	62 (66)	24 (32)	< 0.001
Hemoglobin (g/L), (± SD)	124.91 ± 17.1	119.29 ± 13.9	131.94 ± 18.19	< 0.001
Hematocrit (L/L), (± SD)	0.36 ± 0.06	0.35 ± 0.05	0.38 ± 0.06	0.007
Plasma protein (g/L), (± SD)	68.77 ± 6.91	67.9 ± 6.45	69.85 ± 7.36	0.067
Plasma albumin (g/L), (± SD)	36.98 ± 4.71	36.24 ± 4.66	37.92 ± 4.63	0.021
Lipid disorder (n,%)	160 (94.7)	89 (94.7)	71 (94.7)	1.000
Glucose (mmol/L)
≥ 7.0	152 (89.9)	90 (95.7)	62 (82.7)	0.005
Median (IQR)	11.5 (9.34–16.1)	13.69 (11.17–19.36)	10.06 (7.9–11.6)	< 0.001
HbA1C (%)
≥ 6.5	159 (94.1)	94 (100)	65 (86.7)	< 0.001
Median (IQR)	9.32 (7.74–10.7)	10.4 (9.79–11.62)	7.68 (6.91–8.76)	< 0.001
Urea (mmol/L), Median (IQR)	6.9 (5.5–9.52)	8.08 (5.79–12.62)	6.31 (5.3–8.5)	0.015
Creatinine (µmol/L), Median (IQR)	98.8 (77.55–137.8)	104.3 (77.9–168.32)	93.1 (76.5–123.8)	0.028
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)
< 60 (n,%)	88 (52.1)	56 (59.6)	32 (42.7)	0.029
- Median (IQR)	57.9 (40.65–73.4)	53.3 (28.07–66.8)	66.4 (51.9–82.8)	< 0.001
CRP-hs (mg/L), Median (IQR)	1.6 (0.9–2.55)	2.1 (1.2–3.2)	1.2 (0.7–2.1)	< 0.001
Using Insulin (n,%)	87 (51.5)	55 (58.5)	32 (42.7)	0.041
OSDI, Median (IQR)	16 (8.5–39.5)	38.5 (23–49)	7 (4–10)	< 0.001
TBUT (second), Median (IQR)	9 (6–14.5)	7 (4–9)	15 (14–18)	< 0.001

Note: Italic value, significant differences.

Abbreviations: SD, Standard Deviation; DM, Diabetic Mellitus; IQR, Interquartile Range; BMI, Body Mass Index; BP, Blood Pressure; HbA1C, Hemoglobin A1C; eGFR, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; CRP-hs, High Sensitive C-reactive Protein; TBUT, tear-film break-up time; OSDI, Ocular Surface Disease Index.

Table 3 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Some Clinical Variables Related to Dry Eye in Diabetic Nephropathy Patients (n=169)

Variable	OR	95% Cl	p
Ages	1.381	1.192–1.600	< 0.001
Female	2.211	1.190–4.105	0.012
HbA1C	5.951	2.798–12.656	< 0.001
Decrease in eGFR	22.182	3.611–136.269	0.001

Note: Italic value: significant differences.

Abbreviations: HbA1C, Hemoglobin A1C; eGFR, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate.