Prevalence of Bovine Schistosomiasis and Associated Risk Factors in and Around Haramaya, Oromia Region, East Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1 Map of the study area.

Figure 2 Specific sample collection sites.

Figure 3 As shown the black arrows, the gross (a) and microscopic (b) structures of Schistosoma worms postmortem at abattoirs.

Table 1 The Rate of Bovine Schistosomiasis in Relation to Various Risk Factors

Risk Factors	Category	No. Examined	Positive	Prevalence (%)	X^2	P-value
Sex	Male	171	43	25.15%	2.7142	0.099
	Female	219	40	18.26%
Age	Young	69	26	37.68%	15.9798	0.000
	Adult	151	21	13.91%
	Old	170	36	21.17%
Body Condition	Poor	76	36	47.36%	44.1599	0.000
	Medium	237	43	18.14%
	Good	77	4	5.19%
Management	Extensive	192	58	30.21%	27.5019	0.000
	Intensive	102	4	4.08%
	Semi-intensive	96	21	21.87%
Origin	Adele	74	17	22.97%	1.2462	0.742

Table 2 Univariable Logistic Regression of Risk Factor with Prevalence of S. bovis (N=390)

Variables/Factors/	Category	Total Examined	No. Positive	95% CI (Percentage)	OR(95% CI)	p-value
Sex	Male	171	43	25.15	Ref.
	Female	219	40	18.26	1.2(0.25, 1.66)	0.101
Age	Adult	151	21	13.91	Ref.
	Young	69	26	37.68	3.7(1.31, 10.7)	0.000114
	Old	170	36	21.2	1.6(0.54,5.05)	0.090940
Body condition	Good	77	4	5.2%	Ref.
	Medium	237	43	18.14	0.25(0.14,0.43)	0.00972
	Poor	76	36	47.4	4.1(1.3, 12.2)	8.75e-07
Management system	Intensive	98	4	4.08	Ref.
	Extensive	192	58	30.2	10.6(9.7, 30.2)	9.70e-06
	Semi-intensive	96	21	21.9	6.8(5.3, 20.8)	0.000679

Table 3 The Prevalence of Bovine Schistosomiasis at the District Level

No	District	Total Number of Animals Examined	No Positive	Prevalence (%)
1	Adele	74	17	22.9
2	Away	24	3	12.5
3	Batte	51	11	21.6
4	Haramaya	241	52	21.6

Table 4 Multivariable Logistic Regression of Risk Factor with Prevalence of S. bovis (N=390)

Variables/Factors/	Category	Total Examined	No. Positive	95% CI (Percentage)	OR(95% CI)	p-value
Sex	Male	171	43	25.15	Ref.
	Female	219	40	18.26	1.23(0.40, 3.7)	0.442632
Age	Adult	151	21	13.91	Ref.
	Young	69	26	37.68	2.7(1.0, 7.00)	0.008285
	Old	170	36	21.2	1.5(0.5, 4.5)	0.237266
Body condition	Good	77	4	5.2	Ref.
	Medium	237	43	18.14	0.34(0.11,1.0)	0.052175
	Poor	76	36	47.4	3.048(1.07,8.)	0.000177
Management system	Intensive	98	4	4.08	Ref.
	Extensive	192	58	30.2	5.9(2,17)	0.001280
	Semi-intensive	96	21	21.9	4(1.6, 12)	0.010991