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Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly
The Canadian Journal of Metallurgy and Materials Science
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Research Article

An approach for identifying the deformation-induced strain from tensile tests and x-ray diffraction measurements

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Received 25 Jan 2024, Accepted 18 Apr 2024, Published online: 15 May 2024
 

ABSTRACT

Non-uniform plastic deformation and phase transformation introduce residual stress (RS) in a material. The present study focuses on the influence of tensile strain on RS development in 304L austenitic stainless steel, wherein strain-induced martensite (SIM) transformation influences deformation behaviour. Room temperature tensile tests were interrupted at various tensile strains between the material yield and ultimate tensile strength at 5.21 × 10−4 and 1.3 × 10−2 s−1 strain rates. Microstructural characterisation of as-received and deformed samples by electron backscatter diffraction provides evidence of SIM formation and shear bands. Analysis of tensile flow and work hardening behaviour is discussed in correlation to the microstructural and dislocation density variations. In addition, RS in the austenite and martensite phases was measured using the x-ray diffraction method, and the RS balance that occurs between the longitudinal and transverse components and the two phases after tensile deformation is presented. It is shown that a combined analysis of RS and x-ray diffraction peak width could be utilised to find the deformation level in tensile fractured, press brake bent, and roll bent samples.

La déformation plastique non uniforme et la transformation de phase introduisent une contrainte résiduelle (RS) dans un matériau. L’étude courante se concentre sur l’influence de la déformation due à la traction sur le développement de RS dans l’acier inoxydable austénitique 304L, dans laquelle la transformation de la martensite d’écrouissage (SIM) influence le comportement de déformation. On a interrompu les essais de traction à la température de la pièce à diverses déformations de traction entre la limite d’élasticité et la contrainte de rupture du matériau à des vitesses de déformation de 5.21 × 10−4 et 1.3 × 10−2 s−1. La caractérisation microstructurale des échantillons bruts et déformés par diffraction des électrons rétrodiffusés fournit la preuve de la formation de SIM et de bandes de cisaillement. L’analyse de l’écoulement en traction et du comportement d’écrouissage est discutée en corrélation avec les variations microstructurales et de densité de dislocations. De plus, on a mesuré RS dans les phases d’austénite et de martensite à l’aide de la méthode de diffraction des rayons X, et l’on présente l’équilibre de RS qui se produit entre les composantes longitudinales et transversales et les deux phases après déformation en traction. On montre qu’une analyse combinée de RS et de la largeur des pics de diffraction des rayons X pourrait être utilisée pour trouver le niveau de déformation des échantillons fracturés par traction, pliés à la presse-plieuse et pliés par laminage.

Acknowledgment

The authors of this work would like to thank Dr. Govind Kumar Sharma and Ms. Panneer Selvi of IGCAR for their help during Infrared Thermography measurements and tensile tests. Mr. Arvinth Davinci and Dr. Dipti Samantaray are thankful for their help in compression testing. The authors acknowledge Dr. C.R. Das from IGCAR and Mr. Subhendu Naskar from IIT Hyderabad for their contributions in acquiring EBSD data. The authors thank Dr. David Vijayanand and Dr. J. Christopher for their technical insights on dislocation density analysis. One of the authors, S. Lavanya, would like to thank DAE for the fellowship grant.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

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