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Notes
1 David Kenyon is research historian for the Bletchley Park Trust. This book began in 2019 as a research project for an exhibit about the Naval Section of the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) (ix).
2 Kenyon notes: “The texts of messages deciphered at GC&CS and passed on to the Admiralty via teleprinter (‘ZTPG’ traffic) are held in Series DEFE3 [at the National Archives]. Messages passed to the fleet at sea from the Admiralty are held in Series ADM223” (291). Many messages have been digitized and are available online.
3 The convoys sailed to either Arkhangelsk or Murmansk, depending on weather. (Ice usually prohibited sailing to Arkhangelsk in the winter.) From September 1941 until September 1942, outbound convoys (to the Soviet Union) were designated PQ, and inbound convoys were designated QP. From December 1942 until the end of the war, outbound convoys were designated JW, and inbound convoys were designated RA.
4 Fraser set to sea in the battleship Duke of York, along with the cruiser Jamaica and four destroyers.
5 Burnett had three cruisers: Norfolk, Belfast, and Sheffield.
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Notes on contributors
Chris Christensen
Chris Christensen teaches cryptology and mathematics at Northern Kentucky University. During 1942–1943, his father was executive officer on PC 496, which escorted oil tankers along the East Coast of the United States to Guantanamo Bay (where the tankers were handed over to Royal Navy escorts for the remainder of their journey to Brazil). In June 1943, PC 496 was torpedoed and sunk by an Italian submarine after bringing a convoy of LCIs to North Africa for the invasion of Sicily. Christensen’s father next served as executive officer on the destroyer escort USS Bronstein (DE 189).