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Abstract
Missionaries Robert Morrison and William Milne founded the Anglo-Chinese College (ACC) in 1818 in Malacca, and it continued to operate there until 1843, when it relocated to Hong Kong. As the first Protestant school for Chinese and Europeans in Asia founded by the first two missionaries to China from the London Missionary Society, it has attracted much interest in cross-disciplinary missiological and historical studies, in the West and in the East, then and now; though few focus on its students, often giving scant details. This article provides an overview of the three types of ACC students from these earliest years, highlighting some prominent ones, including Walter Henry Medhurst, James Legge, Leang Fah and Ho Tsun-sheen. Drawing on many primary and secondary sources, it explores the activities and lives of these people in school and after graduation, in the hope of gaining new insights into the roles they played in Sino-Western cultural exchanges, dissemination of Christianity, and development of parts of Asia in the nineteenth century.
英華書院肇始於當時荷屬的馬六甲，創辦人馬禮遜及首任校長米憐均來自倫敦傳道會，乃基督教最早入華之兩位傳教士。英華於1818年創建，爲亞洲第一所基督新教中英文學府，二十五年來立足該地，春風化雨，至1843年始遷往剛成爲英屬的香港。中外學者一直對書院歷史興趣濃厚，多年來撰寫大量相關跨學科不同課題之研究，但僅少數專注討論英華同學，亦多語焉不詳。本文參考大量一手和二手資料，研究該校這些年間三類華洋學生，詳細介紹其中佼佼者，包括麥都思、理雅各、梁發、何進善等。文章透過考究書院學生求學時的活動及畢業後之事業，探討他們在十九世紀期間中西文化交流、基督新教傳播及亞洲地域發展中所扮演的角色。
Notes
1 “Ying Wa” being a Romanized rendition of the Chinese characters Ying Hua 英華 (Anglo-Chinese) in the Cantonese dialect, the dialect of most Chinese in Hong Kong. ACC is not to be confused with a later Anglo-Chinese School of Malacca, founded by the Methodists in the 1910s.
2 Morrison to LMS, 7 Dec. 1817, the London Missionary Society collection in the Archive of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (LMS/SOAS), please see references for folder/box details. Cited archival/published sources with no identified author are described in the footnotes, all other sources are referred to using the author-year scheme.
3 “A General Plan (of the ACC),” Missionary Herald, Apr. 1819, pp. 73–74.
4 Morrison to LMS, 18 Jan. 1818, LMS/SOAS.
5 Milne, A Brief Statement of the Objects of the ACC, Malacca, n.d., ca. 1819, LMS/SOAS.
6 ACC was the first Protestant mission college in Southeast Asia, and one of the two earliest in Asia (the other was Serampore College in India, started by the Baptists, also in 1818), but the first Christian college in Asia was Colégio de São Paulo, founded by the Jesuits in Macau in 1594, which had both Chinese and Japanese students, besides European ones. A Dutch Reformed Church missionary had also started a small seminary in Formosa in 1659 for some (non-Chinese) aboriginal youngsters, but this had little impact as Dutch colonizers were driven out of the Island in early 1662.
7 CitationMartin 1843, p. 407.
8 CitationEitel 1895, pp. 280–281.
9 CitationE. Morrison 1839, vol. 1, p. 354, 410. The former was written in 1812 in the context of the great “loss of the society [LMS] in the death of its missionaries”; the latter was in his journal entry dated July 16 of 1814, when he baptized Tsae A-ko “by the sea side [sic], away from human observation.”
10 The Bible, King James Version, Exodus 23:19. See CitationSmith 1863, vol. 1, p. 623 for more on the offerings of first-fruits.
11 Including the latest, a special issue of Studies in World Christianity, with five articles on the history of ACC; two of which, CitationBohr 2021 and CitationDunch 2021, will be cited later.
12 CitationDaily 2013 has generally addressed activities and challenges of the ACC students but did not attempt a systematic treatment of the individuals (pp. 160–198); CitationHarrison 1979 has a chapter of six pages (pp. 124–131) and an appendix of three (pp. 192–194) on the students.
13 Abdullah bin Abdul al Kadir, also known as Munshi Abdullah, later revered by many as the father of modern Malay literature, approached Milne and became a student of English and a Malay instructor in the early 1820s. But perhaps because of his part-time basis or the fact that he did not study Chinese, he was not listed as an ACC student in school reports. His autobiography contains many references to Milne, Morrison and the College, but his accounts should be read with caution, as they contain “his frequent blunders of fact, his occasional deliberate distortion of the truth, and his often hopelessly confused chronology” (CitationHill 1970, pp. vii, 27).
14 CitationMorrison 1823, pp. 5–6; The 5th Annual Report of the ACC, pp. 2–3; The 10th Report of the ACC, pp. 24–26. Naming conventions of ACC reports were not consistent from year to year, but they are listed chronologically in the references. CitationHarrison 1979 repeated the 1823 (pp. 128–129, 192) and 1834 (pp. 192–193) lists, but mis-spelled Teang Tshoon as Tseang Tshoon in the latter.
15 The 5th Annual Report of the ACC, p. 2; The 10th Report of the ACC, p. 26.
16 Chinese names and years of birth and death of Medhurst and those who had become principals of ACC are included. Birth and death years are mainly from CitationWylie 1867, CitationLee 1892 and CitationSibree 1923. Wylie (pp. 47–49) and Lee (vol. 31, pp. 92–93) disagree on Kidd’s year of birth, both are listed here. Enrolment information are based on ACC’s lists of 1823, 1827 and 1834. Samuel Dyer, who worked in ACC in 1835–1839, was not considered a student, for he was based in Penang from the start, while James Legge, who came after 1834, has been added to the list.
17 Kidd to University College London (UCL), Letter of Introduction, 1837, UCL Special Collections, UCL.
18 CitationWylie 1867, p. 76.
19 Milne’s son, William Charles, had left Malacca for education in the UK in 1822 at the age of seven, so was too young to be an ACC student, though by then he had “made tolerable progress” in Chinese. He later returned to China as a missionary for many years.
20 CitationDavis 2019, pp. 63–64, 280.
21 CitationHunter 1911, p. 239. Hunter reported in this autobiography that Morrison (who perhaps had first met Moore in Macao) had supported the latter’s education in Dublin and later in Malacca.
22 The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, May 4, 1843, p. 3. Note in this report, Moore’s last name is spelled as “Moor.”
23 The 4th Annual Report of the ACC, p. 4.
24 CitationMorrison 1823, pp. 5–6; W. Milne, “Anglo-Chinese College,” n.d., ca. Sep. 1820, LMS/SOAS.
25 The 2nd Annual Report of the ACC, p. 9. Here Shaou Tih is reported to be engaged for the last twelve months in the translation of a book.
26 For example, while the 1834 list included Leang Fah and Shaou Tih, it did not include most of the other students in the first three batches.
27 CitationKua 2018b, table on p. 173.
28 The 11th Report of the ACC, p. 3.
29 Legge to LMS, 27 Feb. 1841, LMS/SOAS.
30 Different assumptions would result in different totals for the 5th batch. Assuming no intake in 1836–1840 and after 1841, there would be 98 new students in the 5th batch (i.e., 35 for 1834, [70-35] for 1835, 28 for 1841). If there were intakes in these years, then the 5th batch would be bigger. For instance, if we assume all new students entered at the lowest of four classes, and graduated four years later (though, in fact, some stayed longer), and if the 35 in 1834 had all graduated in 1835–1838 (say, 9, 9, 9, 8 by year, as they were divided into four classes), then 44 would have entered in 1835 (35 to double the enrolment from that in 1834, 9 to replace students who had graduated in 1835). Then if we assume minimum intakes to keep enrolment at 70 (instead of, say, increasing it) in 1836–1840, then intakes would be 9, 9, 8 from 1836 to 1838 (to replace those who had graduated, same below), 44 for 1839 and 9 for 1840, before enrolment was drastically cut to 28 (all existing students) in 1841. In short, there would be 158 students in the 5th batch (i.e., 35 for 1834, 44 for 1835, 9+9+8 for 1836 to 1838, 44 for 1839, and 9 for 1840).
31 For example, in the 1823 list, Morrison fully hyphenated all parts of a student’s name, and added some accents, but later mentions often do not. In this paper, Măng-teӗn-yin, Woo-tuy-pe, Tēen-săng from the 1823 list are converted to Mang Teen-yin, Woo Tuy-pe and Teen Sang.
32 Traditional Chinese names would typically consist of three (sometimes two) characters, the first being the last/family name, and the second (and third) being the first/given name. (Male) members of the same generation from a family/clan traditionally could also share the same first or second character of the two-character first name, often based on a list of characters prescribed in the clan genealogy. E.g., Mang Teen-yin would be from the Mang family/clan, with Teen-yin being his first name, possibly of the “Teen” or the “Yin” generation of his family/clan.
33 LMS letter of Instructions to Medhurst, 29 Aug. 1816, LMS/SOAS.
34 W. H. Medhurst to LMS, 21 July 1817, LMS/SOAS.
35 J. Humphreys to LMS, 30 Nov. 1821, LMS/SOAS.
36 CitationE. Morrison 1839, vol. 2, pp. 192–193.
37 While written Chinese was largely similar over China, spoken dialects could differ considerably between and within provinces. Mandarin was the common spoken language across the empire, but two provinces which contributed most students to ACC were Guangdong and Fujian, where Cantonese and Hokkien (both had local variants) were prevalent, respectively.
38 “Language Institution” 1826, pp. 694–697. This was founded as it was felt that while mission societies in England were sending missionaries to many countries, there were “no effectual means […] for imparting a knowledge of the languages spoken in those countries.”
39 CitationDean 1859, p. 263.
40 J. Legge to his brother, 1 Aug. 1840, LMS/SOAS.
41 Ibid.
42 CitationH. E. Legge 1905, p. 14.
43 Milne to Morrison, 29 Jan. 1822, in CitationE. Morrison 1839, vol. 2, pp. 148–149.
44 Moore to LMS, 4 Jan. 1826, LMS/SOAS.
45 CitationHunter 1911, p. 259.
46 Morrison to his son, 8 Mar. 1827, Morrison and Hobson Families Collection/Wellcome Archives (MHF/WA)
47 Morrison to his son, 31 May 1827, MHF/WA.
48 The 6th Annual Report of the ACC, p. 10.
49 Legge to LMS, 2 June 1840, LMS/SOAS.
50 There might also had been some Chinese in Malacca who spoke Hakka or Teochew, but these groups were not targeted by ACC in these years.
51 Milne to Morrison, 20 Sep. 1820, in CitationE. Morrison 1839, vol. 2, pp. 53–56; CitationMorrison 1823, pp. 5–6. The Europeans in the Second Class, Fleming and Bone, apparently read different books.
52 CitationE. Morrison 1839, vol. 2, p. 193.
53 CitationMorrison 1823, p. 6.
54 Collie to LMS, 25 Sep. 1823, LMS/SOAS.
55 The 2nd Annual Report of the ACC, p. 8.
56 The 6th Annual Report of the ACC, pp. 8–10.
58 CitationKua 2020, p. 162.
59 The 9th Report of the ACC, p. 15.
60 Legge to LMS, 27 Feb. 1841, LMS/SOAS.
61 CitationMorrison 1823, p. 6.
62 CitationMorrison 1824, p. 90
63 CitationE. Morrison 1839, vol. 2, pp. 428–429.
64 CitationHunter 1911, pp. 259–261.
65 Evans and Dyer to LMS, 20 Oct. 1838, LMS/SOAS.
66 CitationDaily 2013, p. 181.
67 CitationKua 2018a, pp. 84, 86.
68 CitationBegbie 1834, pp. viii-ix.
69 CitationAtkins 2003, p. 10. In 1839, library collections of some American colleges, all established before ACC, were: Dickinson (founded in 1783), 3,000 volumes; Franklin (1785), 500; University of North Carolina (1789), 3,000; Williams (1793), 3,000; Union (1795), 8,150; Middlebury (1800), 2,230; Ohio University (1802), 1,300; Miami University (Ohio) (1809), 1,681; and Hamilton (1812), 2,500.
70 CitationKua 2018a, p. 80.
71 Medhurst to LMS, 21 Jul. 1817, LMS/SOAS.
72 Milne to LMS, 27 Mar. 1818, LMS/SOAS.
73 Valberg, Land Survey Report, 29 Sep. 1825, LMS/SOAS. The chapel was built on an elongated site which merged three lots purchased from 1819 to 1825. It is no longer there, and the lots are now owned by Cheng Hoon Teng. Goldsmith Street became three streets later in British time, viz., Blacksmith, Goldsmith & Temple. The chapel would have been on the section called Temple Street (today’s Jalan Tokong).
74 Humphreys, Collie and Kidd to LMS, 28 Apr. 1827, LMS/SOAS.
75 Kidd to LMS, 3 Dec. 1827, LMS/SOAS.
76 The 4th Annual Report of the ACC, p. 4.
77 Report of the 11th Year of the ACC, p. 7. The English translation of François de Salignac de La Mothe-Fénelon’s (1651–1715) work Pious Reflections for Every Day of the Month.
78 The 10th Report of the ACC, p. 3; CitationRicklefs et al. 2014, p. 292. First source listed Edwin as librarian. Second noted this manuscript, now in Britain, contains two inscriptions: “Tuan Eban of the Kolej (Mr. Evans of the College in Malay)” and “Edwin Evans, A. C. College, Malacca.”
79 Morrison to British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS), 13 Mar. 1823, BFBS Archives, Cambridge University Library.
80 Morrison to LMS, 10 Nov. 1823, in CitationE. Morrison 1839, vol. 2, p. 224.
81 Morrison, Humphreys and Collie, The Christian Public, 1823, p. 1, LMS/SOAS; Annual Report of the ACC and Chinese Mission, 1824–1825, p. 9. This is Clavis linguæ sanctæ […] by Christian Stock, available in several editions, including one published in 1717. The title of the book can be translated as “A Key (or Glossary) to the Sacred Language (meaning Hebrew).”
82 CitationHunter 1911, pp. 259–261. Hunter claimed that Shaou Tih had arrived “shortly after Moore,” i.e., in 1825, which was incorrect and may have been based on when he got to know him (Hunter himself had only arrived in 1825).
83 Collie wrote the introduction to The English and Chinese Student’s Assistant, or Colloquial Phrases and Letters &c, in English and Chinese, and the title page indicated that the Chinese translation of the English texts was “by Shaou Tïh, a native Chinese student in the ACC.”
84 CitationMedhurst 1838, p. 317.
85 CitationKua 2020, p. 184.
86 Moore to Arundel, 20 Sep. 1825, in CitationHarrison 1979, pp. 126–127.
87 The 9th Report of the ACC, pp. 24–25. Tay was not included in the 1834 list, presumably because he had not graduated yet at the time.
88 See CitationWillis 2017, esp. pp. 36–55, for a discussion of this complicated controversy on numbering of the Commandments and the arguments of the two leading Christian traditions.
89 A Report of the ACC with an Appendix, from January, 1930, to June, 1831, p. 21.
90 Legge to LMS, 23 Oct. 1840, LMS/SOAS.
91 Legge, “sketch of the Life of Ho Tsun-sheen,” n.d., LMS/SOAS.
93 CitationCornwallis 1864, pp. 243–244.
94 Morrison, Humphreys and Collie, The Christian Public, 1823, p. 1, LMS/SOAS.
95 Humphreys to LMS, 30 Nov. 1821, LMS/SOAS.
96 CitationHunter 1911, p. 239.
97 CitationHunter 1911, pp. 237–238.
98 CitationHunter 1911, p. 239.
99 CitationHunter 1911, pp. 239, 243. Hunter’s opinion of these two tropical fruits: “I got over the first dislike [of durian], and gradually became excessively fond of it, but I never could go the length of some, and say I preferred it to the mangosteen.”
100 CitationHunter 1911, p. 261.
101 CitationHunter 1911, p. 253.
102 CitationHunter 1911, p. 260.
103 CitationWylie 1867, p. 45.
104 The usually reliable CitationWylie 1867 stated on p. 45 that since Humphreys’s return to England “he has been removed to a better world,” which is incorrect.
105 CitationLappin 2010, p. 16.
106 CitationLappin 2010, citing “Report to the Commissioners on Children’s Employment (Trades and Manufactures) of 1843.”
107 CitationSibree 1923, p. 21.
108 Kidd to LMS, 10 Mar. 1828, LMS/SOAS.
109 See CitationWylie 1867 for full listing of Kidd’s and other missionary students’ publications.
110 The 4th Annual Report of the ACC, p. 6; The 6th Annual Report of the ACC, p. 6.
111 See, for example, CitationRichardson 1995, p. 392 and CitationSchneider 2000, p. 219.
112 CitationMedhurst 1838, pp. 318–319.
113 Legge declared that “No Roman Catholic Missionary has left a greater monument of his knowledge of the Chinese language” than Prémare (CitationKua 2020, p. 187). See CitationKua 2022, pp. 74–77, for how this manuscript, “the most important of the nineteenth-century copies of the Notitia,” ended up being preserved in SOAS Archive, with the call-mark CWML MSS 300.
114 See Tomlin to LMS, 20 Jun. 1833, LMS/SOAS.
115 CitationSmith 2005, p. 214.
116 Evans and Dyer to LMS, 14 Aug. 1837, LMS/SOAS.
118 CitationLegge 1893, vol. 1, p. vii.
119 CitationH.E. Legge 1905, p. 26.
120 China Mail, 13 May 1867, p. 5.
121 After repeated appeals from Chinese Christians and LMS missionaries in Hong Kong starting in the 1890s, LMS sent Rev. Hughes, M.A., to be the first headmaster of the re-launched ACC in 1914. See “Chongxing Ying–Hua shuyuan zhaosheng guanggao” 重興英華書院招生廣告, in Xianggang Huazi ribao 香港華字日報, Jan. 12, 1914, p. 4.
122 Ibid, p. 206.
123 CitationWylie 1867, pp. 119–121; CitationH. E. Legge 1905, pp. 207–216. The latter contains a list of many works in English by Legge not listed in the former.
124 CitationOrlandi 2020, p. 96.
125 CitationWylie 1867, pp. 27–40. Medhurst’s son, Sir Walter Henry Medhurst, shared the same name with his father and was a British diplomat in China who served in several Treaty ports.
126 See CitationHanan 2003, p. 200. The Marshman–Lassar version was issued in Serampore, India in 1822, and the Morrison–Milne version was completed in Malacca in 1823.
127 For the dates of Slater to Smith see CitationHarrison 1979, pp. 189–190; CitationWylie 1867, pp. 40–50; CitationMorrison 1823, p. 6. For Fleming’s reason for departure CitationMorrison 1823 is used here.
128 CitationDunch 2021, pp. 284, 297. Other students who became authors were Kidd, Liang (Leang), Legge, Humphreys and Shaou Tih. Note ACC had also issued many publications in English, Malay, Latin, etc., some of which are mentioned in this article.
129 Moore to LMS, 4 Jan. 1826, LMS/SOAS.
130 The Chinese Repository 5 (Aug. 1836) 4, p. 145.
131 The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, May 4, 1843, p. 3.
132 The Report of the Singapore Institution Free Schools for the Years 1843–44 & 1844–45, p. 3. Moore changed his last name to Moor sometime after he moved to Singapore.
133 CitationDowns – Grant 2014, p. 425.
134 Report of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1835, 21st Report, p. lxx.
135 The Friend of China and Hongkong Gazette, vol. 1, 24 Mar. 1842, p. 1; vol. 2, 30 June 1843 p. 2; 24 Aug. 1843, p. 1.
136 Medhurst to LMS, 22 Sep. 1843, LMS/SOAS.
137 (Hong Kong) Government Notification, Macao, 29 Aug. 1843, LMS/SOAS.
138 Evans to LMS, 20 May 1845, LMS/SOAS.
139 CitationLe Fevre 1843, p. xii.
140 Indian News and Chronicle of Eastern Affairs, 1849, p. 182. E. L. M. Evans was reported as married to Anna Maria Velge in Malacca in Jan. 1849. If Edwin Evans was same as E. L. M. Evans, then she would have been his second wife, which, however, was not uncommon due to the high mortality rates in those days, especially in Asia.
141 The 10th Report of the ACC, pp. 21–22.
142 The 10th Report of the ACC, pp. 21–22.
143 CitationLeang 1832, vol. 6, pp. lv, 14.
144 CitationE. Morrison 1839, vol. 2, p. 235.
145 Leang to BFBS (in Chinese), n.d., ca. Nov. 1823, in BFBS Archives, Cambridge University. Morrison initially translated “Holy Spirit” into sheng feng 聖風, literally “Holy Wind/Breeze.”
146 CitationWylie 1867, pp. 22–25.
147 CitationMedhurst 1853, n.p.
148 CitationDavies 1846, p. 118; Foreign Missionary Chronicle, Nov. 1837, p. 172.
149 The 13th Report of the Manchester and Salford Anglo-Chinese Association, p. 5.
150 Evans – Dyer to LMS, 2 Apr. 1838, LMS/SOAS.
151 CitationMcNeur – Seitz 2013, p. 84.
152 CitationAbeel 1834, p. 271
153 CitationGützlaff 1834, p. 45.
154 But one might be tempted to ask here: whose “Christian course” has been?
155 Hobson to LMS, 13 Apr. 1855, in CitationMcNeur – Seitz 2013, p. 111.
156 CitationBohr 2021, p. 274.
157 CitationMai – Hu 1955, pp. 116–118. The original text in Chinese is: 愚鹵如漁魚之彼得約翰，元兇大惡如保羅，靡不可用。以不學無術之梁發竟成中華第一宣教師，留為吾人千古不磨之紀念，無他，肯畀主用耳。
158 Hobson to LMS, 13 Apr. 1855, in CitationMcNeur – Seitz 2013, p. 111.
159 CitationYang Huari 1967, p. 276.
160 CitationYang Huari 1967, p. 276.
161 CitationH. D. Legge 1905, p. 76.
162 CitationXie Hongji 1915, p. 96.
163 CitationH. D. Legge 1905, pp. 20–21; also see the Bible, Job 2:8.
164 CitationXie Hongji 1915, pp. 93–98.
165 CitationPfister 1998, p. 80. For a fuller discussion see CitationPfister 1999.
166 CitationSmith 2005, p. 130.
167 Legge, “Sketch of the Life of Ho Tsun-Sheen,” LMS/SOAS. Legge hastened to add that he was by no means judging him and that no one “is wrong in bettering his worldly condition where he can do it not only honestly but honourably.”
168 The Report of the 11th Year of the ACC, p. 9.
169 CitationHunter 1849, pp. 261, 263.
170 CitationSmith 2005, pp. 55–56; Yuan’s translation of parts of Vattel’s work, entitled Geguo lüli 各國律例, appeared in Haiguo tuzhi 海國圖志 in 1847. See CitationCarrai 2019, pp. 48–49.
171 CitationMartin 1837, p. 148.
172 CitationGützlaff 1834, p. 50.
173 CitationKuhn 2009, p. 163.
174 CitationMorrison 1823, p. 6.
175 CitationHunter 1911, pp. 238–239.
176 CitationMorrison 1823, p. 6; CitationKe Mulin 1995, p. 53.
177 The 10th Report of the ACC, p. 25; CitationKe Mulin 1995, p. 81; CitationSong Ong Siang 1923, pp. 46–50.
178 Legge’s letter, 18 Nov. 1845, in CitationH. D. Legge 1905, p. 51.
179 Legge’s letter, 9 Feb. 1848, in CitationH. D. Legge 1905, p. 56.
180 Reports of the Preparatory School, and the Theological Seminary, of the London Society, 1849, 1850.
181 Legge and Chalmers to Tidman, 24 Jan. 1854, as cited in CitationSu Jing 2006, p. 167.
182 CitationH. D. Legge 1905, p. 62. Words of his father-in-law, A-Sum, in a church gathering.
183 CitationSmith 1971, pp. 16–20.
184 Legge’s letter, 30 Dec. 1851, cited in CitationH. D. Legge 1905, p. 79.
185 CitationSu Jing 2015, pp. 237–240.
186 CitationHarrison 1979, p. 194.
187 CitationH. D. Legge 1905, p. 52.
188 CitationSong Ong Siang 1923, p. 78.
189 CitationCook 1907, pp. 19–20.
190 Straits Chinese Magazine IV (Dec. 1900), as cited in CitationSong Ong Siang 1923, p. 79.
191 CitationSong Ong Siang 1923, pp. 58–59; CitationHarrison 1979, p. 194; CitationKe Mulin 1995, pp. 38–39.
192 CitationEitel 1895, pp. 280–281; CitationMartin 1843, p. 407.
193 “A General Plan (of the ACC),” Missionary Herald, Apr. 1819, pp. 73–74.
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Notes on contributors
Paul Kua 柯保羅
Paul Kua, Ph.D., FRHistS, is an independent scholar and an Affiliate Assistant Professor in the Department of History of the University of Hong Kong. His research interests include history of Sino-Western cultural exchanges, Catholic and Protestant mission history in Asia, and history of education and youth movements, especially Scouting, in Asia. His recent publications include “Two Nineteenth-Century Copies of Joseph Prémare’s Notitia linguæ sinicæ,” The Library 23 (2022) 1, pp. 68–95; “Portuguese ‘Discovery’ and ‘Naming’ of the Formosa Island, 1510–1624,” Anais de História de Além-Mar 21 (2020), pp. 307–347; “Prémare’s Notitia Linguæ Sinicæ, 1728–1893: The Journey of a Language Textbook,” East Asian Publishing and Society 10 (2020) 2, pp. 159–200; “The Anglo-Chinese College in Malacca, 1818–1843: Its Location and Facilities,” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 91 (2018) 1, pp. 69–88.