Victimization and discrimination: forgotten variables in evaluating the results of the “housing first” model for persons experiencing homelessness

ABSTRACT

The evaluation work regarding programs aimed at persons experiencing homelessness based on the Housing First (HF) model, as well as the dissemination of the results obtained, has been a fundamental aspect of this model’s expansion. The key indicators used to evaluate the success of the model were those directly related to accommodation, although other indicators such as quality of life, mental health, and substance misuse have also been considered. However, the effects of the model on the safety and vulnerability of persons experiencing homelessness have enjoyed much less attention. In Spain, an evaluation was carried out of the Hábitat Program based on the HF methodology. The program was evaluated using an equivalent-control-group experimental design (random assignment) with measures taken every 6 months. At 18 months, a total of 255 persons were evaluated: 114 users of the HF program, and 141 in the control group. The results showed significant reductions both in victimization (physical assaults, robberies, insults, threats, etc.) and in the discrimination of users of the HF program. The results therefore indicate that HF programs have a significant effect, not only in terms of providing a stable place to reside but also in terms of facilitating a safe place.

KEYWORDS:

• Housing first
• discrimination
• victimization
• homelessness
• poverty

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Hogar Sí, Provivienda and different city councils of Spain: Avilés, Barcelona, Córdoba, Coslada, Madrid, Sevilla, Zaragoza, Alicante, Arona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Donosti and Móstoles.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.

Notes on contributors

Sonia Panadero

Sonia Panadero, PhD. Professor in Psychological Assessment at the Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.

José Juan Vázquez

José Juan Vázquez, PhD. Professor in Social Psychology at the Alcala University, Spain.