U.S.–Russian CBMs in the Use of ICTS: A Breakthrough with an Unclear Future

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size

Notes

¹ Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security, Report of the Secretary-General. A/60/202, General Assembly of the United Nations, <http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N05/453/63/PDF/N0545363.pdf?OpenElement>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

² Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security, General Assembly of the United Nations, July 30, 2010, <http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/65/201>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

³ Joint Statement by Cybersecurity Coordinator Schmidt and Deputy Secretary Klimashin, “U.S. And Russian Delegations Meet to Discuss Confidence-Building Measures in Cyberspace,” White House Official Website, June 23, 2011, <http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/2011_klimashin_schmidt_cyber_joint_statement.pdf>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

⁴ Joint Statement by Cybersecurity Coordinator Schmidt and Deputy Secretary Klimashin, “U.S. And Russian Delegations Meet to Discuss Confidence-Building Measures in Cyberspace,” White House Official Website, June 23, 2011, <http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/2011_klimashin_schmidt_cyber_joint_statement.pdf>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

⁵ Joint Statement by the President of the United States of America Barack Obama and the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, Los Cabos, June 18, 2012, U.S. Department of State Official Website, <http://translations.state.gov/st/english/texttrans/2012/06/201206187628.html#ixzz3AwTTjchT>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

⁶ Joint Publication 1-02, Department of Defense, Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, November 8, 2010 (as amended through August 15, 2014), Defense Technical Information Center website, p. 69, <http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

⁷ See: “Cyberspace,” p. 63, Joint Publication 1-02. Department of Defense, Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, November 8, 2010 (as amended through 16 July 2014), Information for the Defense Community Online, <http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

⁸ See: “Basic Principles of State Policy in the Field of International Information Security to 2020,” Official Website of the Russian Federation in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, <http://en.ambruslu.com/highlights-in-russia/basic-principles-for-state-policy-of-the-russian-federation-in-the-field-of-international-information-security-to-2020.html>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

⁹ Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, “Concept of Cybersecurity Strategy of the Russian Federation,” January 10, 2014, < http://council.gov.ru/press-center/discussions/38324/>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

¹⁰ See: East-West Institute, “Russia–U.S. Bilateral on Cybersecurity: Critical Terminology Foundations,” April 26, 2011, <http://www.ewi.info/idea/russia-us-bilateral-cybersecurity-critical-terminology-foundations#sthash.hBHuAnFm.dpuf>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

¹¹ See: “…Expressing concern that these technologies and means can potentially be used for purposes that are inconsistent with the objectives of maintaining international stability and security and may adversely affect the security of States in both civilian and military fields, considering that it is necessary to prevent the misuse or exploitation of information resources or technologies for criminal or terrorist purposes,…”. (“Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security,” Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly. A/RES/54/49, December 1, 1999, <http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/777/13/PDF/N9977713.pdf?OpenElement>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

¹² Convention on International Information Security (Concept), Official Website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, <http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/ns-osndoc.nsf/1e5f0de28fe77fdcc32575d900298676/7b17ead7244e2064c3257925003bcbcc!OpenDocument>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

¹³ Letter dated 12 September 2011 from the Permanent Representatives of China, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General. “International Code of Conduct for Information Security,” A/66/359. September 12, 2011. Official website of the Embassy of the Russian Federation to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, <http://www.rusemb.org.uk/data/doc/internationalcodeeng.pdf>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

¹⁴ “Basic Principles for State Policy…,” <http://en.ambruslu.com/highlights-in-russia/basic-principles-for-state-policy-of-the-russian-federation-in-the-field-of-international-information-security-to-2020.html>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

¹⁵ “Joint Statement by the Presidents of the United States of America and the Russian Federation on a New Field of Cooperation in Confidence Building,” White House Official Website, Office of the Press Secretary, June 17, 2013, <http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/06/17/joint-statement-on-a-new-field-of-cooperation-in-confidence-building>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

¹⁶ See: “Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security. General Assembly of the United Nations. A/68/98*,” June 24, 2013, <http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/68/98>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

¹⁷ See: “Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security. General Assembly of the United Nations. A/68/98*,” June 24, 2013, <http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/68/98>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

¹⁸ Fact Sheet: “U.S.–Russian Cooperation on Information and Communications Technology Security,” White House, Office of the Press Secretary, June 17, 2013, <http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/06/17/fact-sheet-us-russian-cooperation-information-and-communications-technol>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

¹⁹ “Memorandum of Understanding Between The United States of America and The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Regarding the Establishment of a Direct Communications Link,” U.S. Department of State official website, <http://www.state.gov/t/isn/4785.htm>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

²⁰ For detailed information on NRRCs see: Viktor Yesin, “Nuclear Risk Reduction Center, NRRC” (in Russian), PIR Center, February 1, 2012, <http://www.pircenter.org/sections/219-centr-po-umensheniyu-yadernoj-opasnosti>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

²¹ See: Bruce J. Allyn, The Edge of Armageddon: Lessons from the Brink (New York: Rosetta Books, LLC, 2012), Foreword by William Ury, <https://one.overdrive.com/media/1315216/the-edge-of-armageddon>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

²² Geoffrey Forden, Pavel Podvig and Theodore A. Postol, “False Alarm, Nuclear Danger,” Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies, March 2000, <http://www.armscontrol.ru/start/publications/spectrum-ews.htm>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

²³ See: Katharina Ziolkowski, ed., Confidence Building Measures for Cyberspace—Legal Implications (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Center of Excellence [CCD COE]. 2013), p. 23, <http://www.ccdcoe.org/publications/CBMs.pdf>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

²⁴ See: “Speech and Interview to the Media by the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov during the press-conference following the negotiations with the US Secretary of State John Kerry, Bali, Indonesia,” Official website of the Russian MFA, October 7, 2013, <http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/0/F2518A5D49C1805044257BFD00361E40>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

²⁵ Fact Sheet: “U.S.–Russian Cooperation,” White House Official Website, June 17, 2013, <http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/06/17/fact-sheet-us-russian-cooperation-information-and-communications-technol>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

²⁶ Fact Sheet: “U.S.–Russian Cooperation,” White House Official Website, June 17, 2013, <http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/06/17/fact-sheet-us-russian-cooperation-information-and-communications-technol>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

²⁷ “CERT-GIB—Computer Security Incident Response Team by Group-IB,” <http://www.cert-gib.com/>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

²⁸ “Computer Security Incident Response Team of the Russian Federation,” <http://www.cert.ru/en/about.shtml>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

²⁹ Russian GOV-CERT website, <http://gov-cert.ru/>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

³⁰ See e.g., Katy O'Donnell, “Michael Daniel, White House Cyber Czar,” Main Justice, May 7, 2013, <http://www.mainjustice.com/2013/05/07/michael-daniel-white-house-cyber-czar/>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

³¹ “Andrei Krutskikh Appointed Special Presidential Representative for International Cooperation in Information Security,” President of Russia Official Website, February 6, 2014, <http://eng.kremlin.ru/acts/6615>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

³² UNGA 68 First Committee, “Statement by the Chair of the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security, H.E. Ambassador Deborah Stokes of Australia,” October 25, 2013, <http://www.un.org/disarmament/special/meetings/firstcommittee/68/pdfs/TD_25-Oct_OWMD_Chair_UNGGE.pdf>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

³³ Joint Statement by the Presidents of the United States of America and the Russian Federation on a New Field of Cooperation in Confidence Building.

³⁴ See: Working Group on Threats to and in the Use of ICTs in the Context of International Security, “U.S.–Russia Bilateral Presidential Commission. 2013 Joint Report,” p. 11, <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/219326.pdf>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

³⁵ “Moscow will not take Initiative in Restarting Bilateral Presidential Commission—Kremlin,” Russia Beyond the Headlines, April 5, 2014, <http://rbth.com/news/2014/04/05/moscow_will_not_take_initiative_in_restarting_bilateral_presidential_com_35694.html>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

³⁶ “We Stand for the Internationalization of the Internet Governance” (in Russian), Kommersant, June 16, 2014, <http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2492013>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

³⁷ “We Stand for the Internationalization of the Internet Governance” (in Russian), Kommersant, June 16, 2014, <http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2492013>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

³⁸ “We Stand for the Internationalization of the Internet Governance” (in Russian), Kommersant, June 16, 2014, <http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2492013>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

³⁹ “We Stand for the Internationalization of the Internet Governance” (in Russian), Kommersant, June 16, 2014, <http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2492013>, last accessed August 19, 2014.

⁴⁰ “Decision No. 1106. Initial Set Of OSCE Confidence-Building Measures to Reduce The Risks Of Conflict Stemming from the Use of Information and Communication Technologies, 975th Plenary Meeting,” PC Journal No. 975, Agenda item 1, OSCE website, December 3, 2013, <http://www.osce.org/pc/109168?download=true>, last accessed August 19, 2014.