Geo Spatial Based Real Time Monitoring on Eutrophic Evaluation of Porunai River Basin for Pollution Risk Assessment

ABSTRACT

The basic amenity for a highly civilized community needs water and drainage facilities; with uncontrolled population outrage, there arises demand for water consumption which naturally leads to effluent discharge. Even though the district has ample landscape, smart drainage facilities, the rainwater and storm runoff are still collected as pumped source for treatment to a long distance. These wastewaters diverted to the river surface due to insufficient retention time for treatment that naturally grounds a serious ecological damage. The concentration of organic and inorganic heavy metals determines the nature of contamination whether lighter low concentrated or severe high concentrated, meanwhile the level get diluted with streaming in the river surface. Deposited contaminants along the Porunai river basin are in dissolved stages that naturally lead to eutrophication which will cause pollution risk and indirectly affects the dependents covering three districts. With the support of GIS, online monitoring is incorporated to check the gathering of phosphorus, removal of phosphorus from the soil and nitrogen removal. The aim of the research focus is to study eutrophic nutrient limits in river Porunai which is a streaming of Thamirabarani and manimuthar. Nutrient removals from the designed reactors express the available measure of pollution risk. Life cycle study gives the life term of river front and a blueprint is framed based on reducing the mixing of unwanted water sources. In due course make it a place of recreation prevailing with current scenario and future prediction by means of statistical data compared with navigation studies.

KEYWORDS:

• River channel
• Remote sensing
• River morphology
• Nutrient removal
• Rejuvenation

Introduction

The running water is aptly considered as the most powerful of all the natural geological agents of change. Small surface bodies of water flowing in channels of their own are called streamlets and streams. Many streams are flowing through a big area and are ultimately joining to form a single major channel of flow taking the shape of a river. Despite of being the fastest developing country, India has poorly managed waterway. Due to 3% loss and 45% water leakage pilferage, which is a big loss for the government and huge threat to the sustainable development of the country, it is vulnerable to water stress as availability declining to 1600 m³/person/year (Muniraj et al., 2019). Streams and rivers that collectively drain out all the water received from precipitation (rainfall and snowfall) and other sources (melting water and spring water) in a given region from the drainage system of that particular region. Rivers are the most important sources of water for public water supply schemes. River Porunai is originally called as “River Thanporunai” which is otherwise called as “River Thamirabarani”. It is originated from Pothigai hills in Western Ghats, flowing continuously for 120 km. For irrigation purpose on both sides of the river, the kings built seven dams and the British had built a dam at Srivaikundam. In Greek literature, it is mentioned that the river Thamirabarani was flowing throughout Srilanka and it was called “Thamirabarane”. As the river Porunai comes from the Pothigai hills, it carries all the herbal qualities with it. Porunai River is a main source of water supply to many towns which include Tirunelveli Corporation. The important irrigation channels branching off from both the banks of the river Porunai are, South Kodaimelalagian channel, North Kodaimelalagian channel (Kodaimelalagian anaicut), Kodagan channel (Ariyanayagipuram anaicut), Palayam channel (Palavur anaicut), Tirunelveli channel (suthamali anaicut), Maruthur Melakkal, Marudur Keelakkal (Marudur anaicut), South main channel and North main channel (Srivaikundam anaicut). Of these the first seven anaicuts were constructed during the period of ancient and medieval period and the last anaicut namely the Srivaikundam anaicut was constructed and completed by the British in 1869 (Magesh & Chandrasekar, 2017).

Each channel has unique characteristics of its own; River Thamirabarani being no exception. It is well known fact that most of the cities are settled near them. Perennial rivers can be use as sources of public supplies directly but the construction of a dam is generally adopted on a highly non-perennial river. This research work aims at investigating the hydraulic geometry of the Thamirabarani River from Pothigai to the downstream up to Srivaikundam. The inter-relationship among stream sediment load, channel width and channel depth shows the nature of hydraulic geometry of Thamirabarani River channel. Due to the effect of Papanasam dam, the natural flow of this river has been obstructed, and this is resulting in reduced discharge at downstream. Confluences of major tributaries such as Manimuthar, Servalaru, Gadana and Ramanadhi may play significant role for the influx of extra discharge and sediment load to the main river. The superfluous deposit arrival is what is more accountable designed for repeated piece development in the watercourse conduit. The input morphometric maps have to be prepared using GIS and Remote Sensing tools like Arc GIS 10.1 and Global Mapper. Parameters that define the strength of river are the adjustable flow that has definite width, depth and velocity in response to changes in discharge downstream hydraulic geometry relationships. Characterization of the channel depth, velocity and grain size of the river bed will determine the collection of organic components towards the downstream. Analyzing the channel discharge, width, hydraulic radius and wetted perimeter of the river makes the downstream hazard free (I et al., 2020).

The river ecosystem has a healthy structure incorporated with all nutrients for effective agricultural irrigation system. Addition of excess nutrients through external organic loading causes accumulation of phosphorus that leads to eutrophication which is a major environmental threat for fresh water. The possible pollutant reaching the river basin is indicated in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Source of water reaching river.

In this research work, the role of geospatial technique is to collect topographical maps of study location for periodical monitoring and with support of geographical information systems the type of soil and its land use applications are analyzed. GPS-X, the recognized software approved by International water association, is used for optimization of the wastewater sources in this study. As the software is very much technical that gives the output as illustrations on real-time monitoring (Dalhat Muazu et al., 2020). With this, the possible zone for P loss is identified and appropriate reactor models may be deployed in zone for effective removal of phosphorus.

Study location

In this research work, the role of geospatial technique is to collect topographical maps of study location for periodical monitoring and with the support of geographical information systems, the type of soil and its land use applications are analyzed. With this, the possible zone for P loss is identified and appropriate reactor models may be deployed in zone for effective removal of phosphorus (Joemax Agu et al., 2020). GIS mapping has been displayed in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Identification of study location using GIS mapping.

Methodology

The problem to address in this paper is to naturally biodegrade the identified nutrient from wastewater that is mixed with Porunai river basin in Tirunelveli city. The complete working methodology has been displayed in Figure 3. The wastes generated through storm runoff and sewerage leakage disposal, which are illegally channelling to natural resources, are not monitored yet. Even though the city has ten dams with vast land area, during winter season, the urbanised area is suffering from drainage overflow that leads to cause epidemic diseases. Introducing technological approach in identifying the weaker zone, applying the natural treatment method and monitoring the status of removing the trouble is the workforce planned in this paper.

Figure 3. Schematic illustration of the proposed work.

The flows of work are categorized in such a way that remote sensing software GIS is used in identifying the lower region which has the possibility of collecting all the drained sewage water of the city. After successful nutrient detection in digestion, the possibility of hazard identification is progressed through risk analysis study on digested sludge disposal. At the outburst, regulatory measures on creating sustainable environment are developed. The urbanisation, industrial growth and the improved standards of living in Tirunelveli district have, however, increased the strength and quantity of municipal sewage in recent years. This study will help us in determining the degree and types of treatment required for the resumption of Porunai river and thus avoid the pollution of the source of sewage outflow (Dinesh Kumar et al., 2019).

The calibration work is started with two different set of data on influent, which is already stored in the library menu. The validation is processed with checking the mass balance of the components and it is fit with the designed running model. On successful fitting in the model, the physico-chemical parameters are transferred to the output.

The extent and dimension of the study area is identified from Google earth image and verified with the help of hand held GPS. Velocity of the river water is measured by using digital current meter. Discharge (Q) has been calculated using equation Q = AV, where “A” represents the cross-sectional area and “V” represents the velocity of water (Cumec). Hydraulic radius (HR) is calculated using a formula (Gopikumar et al., 2015).

(1) $HR=\frac{CrossSectionalArea}{WettedPerimeter}$(1)

The study of river morphology flow chart is highlighted in Figure 4. Suspended sediment load is to measure using filter paper and grain size analysis using sieves. For grain size analysis, bed materials are to collect at every cross-sectional spots. Field related calculation data are to analyze through statistical tools and are to be represented by suitable diagrams. Morphometric maps have to be prepared using GIS Platforms Arc GIS 10.1 and Global Mapper and Google Earth (Dinesh Kumar et al., 2020).

Figure 4. Practical approach to simulate and validate river morphology.

River Thamirabarani markedly alters the flow and sediment load as well as deposition character downstream. But sometimes sudden release of water from the dam causes the velocity and turbidity to increase. As a result, abnormal behaviour of the flow has been observed few kilometers downstream from the dam. Velocity of a river is influenced by different dynamic parameters like slope gradient, roughness of the bed, width, depth etc. The spatial variation of velocity and discharge of the river are major parameters. The channel width is assessed with downstream distance and width. The depth of a river depends on several factors like bed and bank material, velocity, discharge, etc. Comparative study is to carry out for the following parameters such as correlation between velocity and discharge of the river. The correlation between downstream distance and width of the river is to be assessed. Spatial variation of cross-sectional area, wetted perimeter and hydraulic radius are to be evaluated. Hydraulic radius and grain size analysis are an important indicator which represents the efficiency of a river channel (Jiang et al., 2012).

GIS monitoring

The growth of population naturally causes urbanization that generates larger quantity of wastewater, where increase in the drainage flow movements with wider land use is observed through urban sprawl. QGIS technique is introduced in framing the methodology where the wastewater flow of the study zone is evaluated with weather predictor. Water supply the basic amenity is provided to communities as per national population census data meanwhile the sprawling of civilization in outer zone does not comes under the database of urban or rural sector. In developing country like India, the research study on land use controlling is still a pain in the neck as mapping through image process enhance the sustainability of wastewater management. Identification of drainage source on study location Tirunelveli on earth surface is mapped with ground truthing and fusion method (Elhag et al., 2017). Data collection on river basin has been displayed in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Handy approach on GIS monitoring of river basin.

Design of modified biofilter incorporated with engineered constructed wetland

Characterization of the filters, temporal dynamics study on flow velocity, design and development of integrated biofilter, fabrication of novel combine biofilter-CW Reactor, Preparation of special inocula (microbes) & start-up, monitoring digestion effects of phase separation, accumulation and retention phosphorus, soil phosphorus sorption capacity management, monitoring of digestion system and evaluation of phosphorus removal are given. The reactor design is framed in such a way that four consecutive biofilters are modulated in array which acts as a pretreatment sector in the trickling type model. The volume of biofilters 9 L jacketed acrylic container maintaining 16 cm diameter and 66 cm total height. The solid and liquid fractions are separated by using a sieve of 2.5 mm size. Furthermore, it is connected with the engineered constructed wetland model which plays an active role in trapping phosphorus. With the support of peristaltic pump and pressure equalizer, the river water is pumped to the hybrid model for effective robotic monitoring on nutrient removal. The loading of reactor is progressed with semi-continuous mode (Albano & Sole, 2018). Schematic view of reactor is shown in Figure 6

Figure 6. Proposed design plan integrated biofilter with constructed wetland.

As literature review in the application of real-time monitoring based on various parameters like nutrients, inorganic salts, solids are common. The availability of different pathogens responsible for energy conversion is presented in limited numbers and in this work by using GPS-X modeling the simulation and testing are effectively managed to get the expected outcome (Aladdin Jasim, 2020).

Phosphorus accumulation and retention

Fick’s first law is applied in evaluating the transport of substrate from bulkiness liquid attached on surface of biofilm.

(2) $J=\frac{AD\left(S-S_s\right)}{L_d}$(2)

Fick’s second law is applied in evaluating the feeding of food to microorganism ratio through rate of molecular diffusion inside the biofilm.

(3) $r_d=D_f\frac{{\mathrm{\partial }}^2{S}_b}{\mathrm{\partial }{Z}^2}$(3)

Monod expression is used to measure the rate of substrate utilization

(4) $r_u=D_f\frac{k{X}_f{S}_b}{K_s+S_b}$(4)

The rate of growth of biomass is measured using equation 4(4) $r_u=D_f\frac{k{X}_f{S}_b}{K_s+S_b}$(4) with supporting parameters even under unstable weather condition.

(5) $r_g=D_f\frac{Yk{X}_f{S}_b}{K_s+S_b}{A}_f{L}_f$(5)

After successful running of the designed reactor, the experimental outcome is calibrated based on statistical data collector through the geospatial monitoring of the system. Periodical data analytics on retention and accumulation of P is carried forward in both the inlet and outlet on explicit time frame, which is based on automatic sampling (Wambeke & Benndorf, 2016). The pilot design model is framed as per standard procedure with appropriate scaling.

Discussion

Authors should discuss the results and how they can be interpreted in perspective of previous studies and of the working hypotheses. The findings and their implications should be discussed in the broadest context possible. Future research directions may also be highlighted. Drainage location identification (DLI) is progressed through QGIS software land cover mapping which is used for detecting the potential wastewater treatment technique within the desirable area. With the support of topographic image within the corporation limit identifying the possibility of the effectiveness of energy conversion from waste source are always a successful term. It is progressed through the data acquisition technique which clearly predicts the quantity of effluent produced based on warmth sensor and calibrated signals are accumulated as arithmetic values in the programmer. Based on the literature observation, it is predicted that hot tropical country like India supports anaerobic treatment of wastewater on both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions that emits energy resourceful methane which is utilized for electricity generation. The communal monetary features and its respective data from the information unit analysis through image processing support the adaptation of biodegradability of municipal wastewater through anaerobic phase treatment (Hilary Owamah et al., 2020).

In recent days, the application of GIS in various environmental sectors is progressed with significant growth and is noticed in water technology sectors. The management of geospatial data and its memory are saved. In general, cloud system plays predominant role in preserving data supported with the modelling. The geographical information system is useful in identifying the behaviour and characteristics of hydrological sources. With the support of magnetic field and digital images, the progress has been assessed in short time. In evaluating the quality analysis of water, GIS contribution is effective and timely progress.

The GPS-X model calibration and its systematic valuation are highly commendable and the working models are displayed in Figure 7. The work on standardization of biological nutrient components with the support of this method gives a commending outcome.

Figure 7. Schematic view on GPS-X model simulation processing.

Natural wetlands are termed as earth kidneys that filter pollutant and nutrients from water passing through them. An advanced engineering constructed wetland model imitating the concept of natural wetland take forward the functionality of filter, adsorption, biodegrade, phytoremediate, photoremediate and bioaccumulate with the support of plant shrubs, microbes and soil.

The working model designed for the semi continuous operation has been assessed with the support of simulation techniques. The investigations on parameters based on the software are mock up with influent parameters, portion of COD, biological nutrients such as total phosphorus, total nitrogen. During the phase of operation, the default parameters are adjusted and once again the screening processes are validated. In this case, the risk factors are monitored timely and are rectified in due course.

In this study, the design model is a multidimensional module which incorporates activated sludge process, trickling filter and anaerobic digestion, which is supported by all the unit operation and processes. This hybrid model has all the qualities matching various combinations of constructed wetland types, especially vertical flow and horizontal flow in series acts as starter that is responsible for removal of suspended solids, organic biomass and accountable for nitrification. The hidden benefits arising out of the working model is that the river water is subjected to aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic environment in progression that tolerate having most of the contact time within the roots of vegetation. As the river pH is always maintained in neutral phase in the range 6 to 9 which favour microbial growth, similarly the temperature around the streaming are in the range of 15°C to 36°C which is an optimum, especially the nitrification action is enhanced with microbial growth and metabolic activity that are supported through the favouring temperatures (Magesh et al., 2011).

Organic loading

The loading of reactor is progressed with 0.16 g /L d at this phase the vegetation growth shows better performance at the outlet of the wetland rather than inlet due to less stress faced due to organic loading. The hydraulic retention time associated with the loading plays significant role in performing the nutrient removal action as this reactor is designed with 5 days HRT (Franklin Olabode et al., 2020).

As both the parameters loading and retention supports the vegetation in absorbing oxygen in their roots, captivating nutrients, converting them and making the organic carbon to release.

The important factor in maintaining the stability of real-time automatic scheme are sustainability of power system and this is observed to be the key factor, meanwhile time is one of the predominant factor among the major source that is to be followed.

Pretreatment

The role of pretreatment in this work is to enhance the solubilisation potential of biomass in the reactor and will develop hydrolysis at the ease. In general this medium act as warehouse that separates the particles with the support of additives such as cations, alkalis and enzymes. Simultaneously the pretreatment reduces the clogging that occurs in the entrance of the reactor which may develop due to higher supply of COD through loading and growth of biomass. If the reduction of solids is progressed through solubilization which naturally enhance hydrolysis activity is an added advantage for the life span of the reactor module (Liu et al., 2020). As pretreatment enhances the nitrification process, the path of nitrogen conversion is displayed in Figure 8

Figure 8. Mode of nitrogen removal in constructed wetland.

Phosphorus removal

Biological phosphorus removal is a biological process comprising anaerobic and aerobic phases favoring bio phosphorus (bio-P). Usually by the ability of collection, creation and storing capacity of orthophosphate in biological growth systems, the bio-P or PAOs are unique that mainly depends on organic carbon source for growth and oxygen for energy generation. It is a heterotrophic organism that can survive both in anoxic and aerobic. Removal of phosphorus has been graphically represented in Figure 9.

Figure 9. Graphical representation on phosphorus removal.

The side stream phosphorus removal mechanism has been emerging as the novel method that is used for fermentation and sludge hydrolysis in the external part of the existing reactor to face the challenges on steadiness and critical carbon to phosphorus ratio of the system. Meanwhile it is environmentally friendly and cost effective method. The SSPR normally permits return activate sludge for frequent supply of volatile fatty acids for benefiting the phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAO) rather than glycogen accumulating organism (GAO) and other heterotrophic organisms (OHO). The oxygen reduction potential (ORP) of the side stream source permits plenty of solubilized return activated sludge (RAS) for more external carbon source generation leading to highest phosphorus liberation (Rajesh Banu et al., 2009).

Nitrogen removal

In AO reactor, the progress towards nitrogen removal occurred in two steps the nitrite and nitrate formation, which starts with zero ammonia accumulation in the aerobic zone of reactor and maintained the same in all phase of operation. The corresponding values lies between 2.8–4.1 and 6.4–7.9 mg/L in low strength wastewater. The ammonia due to alum is get oxidized to nitrate, further separated as nitrogen gas by nitrification process. Denitrification is satisfied with complete evaporation of nitrate in anoxic phase (Rajesh Banu et al., 2008). The anoxic denitrification is getting nitrogen removed as nitrogen gas from nitrification process in the absence of dissolved oxygen (Hussain & Ahmed Khan, 2020).

(6) $6N{O}_3+5C{H}_{3}OH+H_{2}C{O}_3\to 3N_2+6HC{O}_3^{-}$(6)

The equation evidently expressed the outcome of nitrogen gas to the atmosphere with significant improvement. Removal of nitrogen has been graphical represented in Figure 10.

Figure 10. Graphical representation on nitrogen removal.

The removal percentage of nitrogen is calculated based on the formula.

Contamination of river

The advantages associated with engineered constructed wetland rather than natural wetlands are easy removal of nutrients and impurities in suspended nature, which will improve the overall treatment efficiency. Introducing the additive biofilter as special media acts as pretreatment that absorbs nitrogen and phosphorus resulting to removal that are termed as major pollutants causing eutrophication. From the storm water runoff, the obtainable source of phosphorus prevails as organic, inorganic, particulate and dissolved forms, which are reversible so that biological uptake is easier. The mass balance study on inlet and out on P transport plays crucial role which is carried forward through sampling procedures. Adopting both the grab and automatic methods of sampling at specific time frequency is encouraged in predicting the movement of particles. The proposed reactor modelling is location specific which is finalized through topographic mapping with prior study on site identification, walk over survey and attribute ranking (Orimoloye et al., 2020).

Hence, on field measures on phosphorus retention in the river basin is to be monitored. Measurement on retention of phosphorus is possible with designing a reactor associated with hybrid biofilters that acts as pretreatment. The role of pretreatment in this case is to convert the load of phosphorus into an asset which can be removed or recovered easily with microbes or physico-chemical analysis.

Phosphorus release and retention in the water body are occasional where this design model operates as a trap sink. Optimizing the value of P in the reactor and river basin with varying weather condition is a hidden task.

The efficiency of the treatment is evaluated with nitrogen and phosphorus rather than other physico-chemical parameters due to study on eutrophication level. Meanwhile to test the simulation effect on real-time monitoring, the parameters like COD, VFA, alkalinity are periodically assessed.

The river Porunai, the spine of the Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation area, is highly polluted at present, with sewage and waste water. The pollution is contributed by inflow of sewage through a number of drains reaching the river. Sewage generated in houses on the banks of these drains is simply discharged into the drains from latrines. The banks of the river are not having sewerage facilities, resulting in open-air-defecation and direct connections of household latrines to the adjacent drains. In rainy seasons, flood water carrying filthy materials is drained into the river directly and through the natural drains. Photographs given below self-explain the polluted condition of Porunai. The contamination majorly caused by the contribution of sewage generated from the banks of the River Porunai. The population contributing the contamination is 30,100 and the quantity let out is around 3.3 MLD (Gopikumar et al., 2012).

Bivariate correlation coefficient for the seasonal physico-chemical parameters

A bivariate correlation coefficient for the seasonal physico-chemical parameters for Porunai river water was performed to understand the water chemistry and associated phenomena statistically significant positive correlations was observed between pH and DO, BOD5 in the sampling points after the point source highlighting the spendability of mild alkaline condition with respect to dissolved oxygen content. Such association becomes weaken before the point source and shows no significant correlation due to mild acidic condition. The dissolved ions originated from the bed rock and other land use influence the ionic concentration in river water (Jing et al., 2015).

Negative correlation observed between indicates the presence of high biological activity. Significant positive correlation between acidity and alkalinity is noticed due to the presence of ammonium sulphate, a fertilizer applied in paddy cultivation and bicarbonate ions are usually found to be higher in freshwaters. Positive correlation between TH and alkalinity highlights the relationship between bicarbonates and nutrient availability. In all three seasons, carbonate hardness is contributed by HCO ions which show a strong positive correlation with TH. The results obtained during the present study show that the physico-chemical nature of water of the river Porunai has been affected and the concentration of some of the constituents has crossed the permissible limits recommended by BIS. The DO level in the river Porunai never decreases below the prescribed values (Singh Chaudhary et al., 2003). The distribution of pollutant has been shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11. Consolidated view of increase in percentage of pollutant.

From the proposed model it is to observe the variables that following the normal law of downstream variation but some are disturbed by other factors, like construction of dam on the river channel. Changes in downstream channel morphology of Thamirabarani River below the Papanasam dam are to check for its documentation through different variables and parameter.

The large amount of organic matter present in the discharged sewage consume the dissolved oxygen from the river in getting oxidised and thus seriously decrease the dissolved oxygen in the river, causing fish kills and other undesirable effects. In addition to these effects, the discharged sewage contaminates the river water with pathogenic bacteria.

Rivers and water are important resources for human life, the environment and national development. The importance of the river Porunai as the focal point of Tirunelveli municipal will be established now (Chang et al., 2019). The categorization of river pollutant has been shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12. Contaminants increase in percentage around corporation limit.

Rejuvenation process in riverfront

Rivers and water are important resources for human life, the environment and national development. The importance of the river Porunai as the focal point of Tirunelveli municipal is established. The lifeline of the river becomes a neglected and forgotten resource, with its banks being lined with salvage yards and other undesirable industrial uses. Constructing steel cages concrete wall ranges from 300 to 1200 mm width and depth up to 45 m to replace slurry in river bed and retaining walls are framed on both sides to retain materials (Gopikumar, Raja et al., 2020). Public garden and parks are constructed in the riverfront area for recreation purpose and public utility. Dhobi Ghat (Laundry campus): Many dhobis are using the river water for washing the clothes. Separate dhobi campuses are created with water meter for inlet watering for the Dhobi Ghat along with well developed drainage system and an area for drying the clothes. Riverfront Commissions are development of to maximize recreational use and public access (Dunne et al., 2012). It preserves the wildlife and rehabilitation huts are provided to promote the reclamation of the river as a source of city pride and economic revitalization. But all these measures to be economically a toughest decision for government capital investment. Architectural model of river front is shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13. Rivet model of river front.

Pollution risk assessment

Arc GIS based choice hold up approach is enforced in this research outcome to access the sustainability in building healthier environment through identifying problems out of drainage source and suggesting an effective biomass treatment methodology. A common process used to secure the prevailing wastewater treatment management setup is completely secured with the support of risk assessment terminology. In this case, a prospect of occurrence relevant to the hazard mitigation is predicted using GIS based geostatistical operation, which relay on the statistical data that are predicted based on models supporting the arbitrary compound (Barron et al., 2019). As the study area drainage scaling data and climatic sensor based data are modelled through regularised parameters and this is successful in solving cases relevant to high risk prone zone. In most of the online monitoring struggles in data manipulation for regulatory measures, the interpolation technique plays a significant role in decision supportive authority. In this research work, the interpolation technique is involved in analyzing the numerical value of per capita input water for the population in the study zone is matched with the output per capita waste water generated (Dunne et al., 2015). This gives the data base on separate and unique set of known data points which is further used for estimating the unknown wastewater that is available for natural treatment through linear interpolation technique and the constructive new data points are channelized properly for effective treatment without any health hazard.

The generated waste water from the household is predicted from the risk analysing map of the study zone that is considered for mock-up mapping, the function of weather fluctuations and climatic conditions are accessed for vulnerability assessment and are shown in Figure 14. A crossbreed representation is forecasted based on topographic image data, this uncomplicated model on mapping enforce the possible hazard detection on the study region (Wang et al., 2019). Further comparative analyses on model are evaluated on the accuracy of wastewater detection through validation technique, performing an accurate and guaranteed yield on data manipulation for effective measurement of risk.

Figure 14. Sustainable study on risk assessment.

Conclusions

This hybrid model gives an outcome on economic way of removing nutrient from bulking freshwater, which is an extraordinary opportunity to create a pollution free environment that prevent diseases and supports innovation. The success rate of this experimentation is evolved based on the simplicity in design, less expensive in energy consumption, operation and maintenance, effective in treatment process terminology.

The initial costs for the execution of the project are fabrication of reactor, purchase of software and purchase of electronic goods. The raw materials used in this work are based on zero cost investment as it is fully natural. The assessment on functionality of the designed work is carried out with the support of operational cost and it is observed to be feasible method for management of nutrient removal study.

Excess accumulation of biological nutrient may be evaluated by analyzing the physico-chemical parameters of water, where the sources of river water are collected. Abrupt heavy metal concentration identified through modelling may damage the water body ecosystem. In this case, the estimation of capital cost and indirect cost raised for multiple sampling are well predicted with the economic study of various researchers and the results are favoring the need of the study as it have been managed with identification of excess biological nutrients, which are energy resources that may be converted into mineral resources.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data Availability Statement

Data sharing not applicable – no new data generated. Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.