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Original Articles

Distributions of pure-tone hearing threshold levels among adolescents and adults in the United States by gender, ethnicity, and age: Results from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

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Pages S11-S20 | Received 09 Jul 2010, Accepted 11 Nov 2010, Published online: 02 Feb 2011
 

Abstract

Abstract

Cumulative distributions of audiometric pure-tone thresholds for a non-occupationally noise-exposed population vary with demographic characteristics (e.g. gender, ethnicity, age), tested ear, and stimulus frequency. However, commonly-used audiometric databases either do not take these differences into account, or account for them using data not easily generalized to the US population. The objective of this study was to obtain distributions that are generalizable to the US population without significant history of exposure to occupational noise. Cumulative pure tone threshold distributions from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III and the 1999–2004 data from the continuous NHANES were fitted with an asymmetric sigmoid function with reverse asymmetry, by gender, ethnicity, age, ear, and the stimulus frequency. Results indicated that conditional distributions based on these factors are warranted. Percentiles on the cumulative distribution functions can be transformed into standard normal variates (i.e. z-scores) to facilitate combination of results over time or across individuals with different demographic characteristics. However, combinations across frequency could obscure meaningful differences between the reference group and the hearing test results under analysis.

Sumario

Las distribuciones acumuladas de umbrales de tonos puros audiométrios en una población expuesta a ruido no laboral varía con las características demográficas (p.e., género, raza, edad), el oído evaluado, y la frecuencia del estímulo. Sin embargo, bases audiométricas de datos comúnmente utilizadas, o no toman estas diferencias en consideración o las reconocen utilizando datos que no son fácilmente generalizables para la población de los EEUU. El objetivo de este estudio fue obtener distribuciones que fueran generalizables para la población de los EEUU, que no tenía una historia significativa de exposición a ruido laboral. Las distribuciones acumuladas de umbrales de tonos puros de la III Encuesta sobre el Examen Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (NHANES) y de los datos de 1999-2004 de la NHANES continuo fueron ordenadas con una función sigmoidea asimétrica con asimetría reversa, por género, raza, edad, oído y frecuencia del estímulo. Los resultados indicaron que se garantizaban las distribuciones condicionales basadas en estos factores. Los percentiles de las funciones de distribución acumulada pueden transformarse en una variante estándar normal (p.e., puntajes z) para facilitar la combinación de resultados en el tiempo y entre individuos con características demográficas diferentes. Sin embargo, las combinaciones entre las frecuencias pueden ocultar diferencias significativas entre el grupo de referencia y los resultados de la prueba auditiva bajo análisis.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Robert A. Dobie, M.D. (University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio), William J. Murphy, Ph.D. (NIOSH Taft Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio), and Howard Hoffman, M.A. (NIDCD, Washington, DC) for their many insights, suggestions, and thoughtful comments offered during our work on this project. We also thank Richard Long, Ph.D., in the College of Health and Human Services at Western Michigan University for providing some of the necessary software to complete this study. Portions of this work were presented at the National Hearing Conservation Association Annual Conference, Orlando, Florida, February, 2010.

Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.

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