3,358
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Geopolitical Decoupling in Global Production Networks

ORCID Icon

References

  • Abedini, J., and Péridy, N. 2009. The emergence of Iran in the world car industry: An estimation of its export potential. World Economy 32 (5): 790–818. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2008.01153.x.
  • AL Monitor. 2018. US sanctions put nearly half a million jobs at risk in Iran’s auto parts industry. August 14, 2018. https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/08/iran-auto-parts-industry-trump-sanctions-jobs-layoffs.html.
  • AL Monitor 2023. As sanctions bite, Iran's Raisi talks business in China. February 14, 2023.
  • Alderman, L. 2023. Leave Russia? A year later many companies can’t, or won’t. New York Times, March 2, 2023.
  • Aliasghar, O., and Rose, E. L. 2023. Adjustment strategies for firms affected by international sanctions. Multinational Business Review. doi: 10.1108/MBR-07-2022-0105.
  • Alizadeh, P. 2013. The development of Iran’s auto industry in a comparative perspective. In Iran and the global economy: Petro populism, Islam and economic sanctions, ed. P. Alizadeh and H. Hakimian, 166–87. London: Routledge.
  • Automotive Manufacturing Solutions. 2013. The agreement with Iran would lift sanctions on auto trade. November 27, 2013.
  • Automotive Manufacturing Solutions. 2016. PSA announces Iranian JV. January 16, 2016. https://www.automotivemanufacturingsolutions.com/——/32967.article.
  • Amsden, A. H., and Chu, W-w. 2003. Beyond late development: Taiwan’s upgrading policies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Amuzegar J. 2014. The Islamic Republic of Iran: Reflections on an emerging economy. London: Routledge.
  • Automotive News Europe. 2022a. Chinese automakers, AvtoVAZ boost Russian market share as others exit. September 6, 2022.
  • Automotive News Europe. 2022b. Renault sells AvtoVAZ stake. May 16, 2022.
  • Automotive News Europe. 2022c. Renault's $2.4B worth of Russian assets prove too toxic. March 24, 2022.
  • Andreoni, A., and Chang, H-J. 2019. The political economy of industrial policy: Structural interdependencies, policy alignment and conflict management. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 48 (March): 136–50. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2018.10.007.
  • Argyres, N., Mahoney, J. T., and Nickerson, J. 2019. Strategic responses to shocks: Comparative adjustment costs, transaction costs, and opportunity costs. Strategic Management Journal 40 (3): 357–76. doi:10.1002/smj.2984.
  • Bair, J., and Werner, M. 2011. The place of disarticulations: Global commodity production in La Laguna, Mexico. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 43 (5): 998–1015. doi:10.1068/a43404.
  • Barnes, T. 2018. Making cars in the New India: Industry, precarity and informality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Beckley, M., and Brands, H. 2022. Danger zone: The coming conflict with China. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Benito, G. R. G. 2005. Divestment and international business strategy. Journal of Economic Geography 5 (2): 235–51. doi:10.1093/jnlecg/lbh041.
  • Blažek, J. 2016. Towards a typology of repositioning strategies of GVC/GPN suppliers: The case of functional upgrading and downgrading. Journal of Economic Geography 16 (4): 849–69. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbv044.
  • Blomström, M., and Kokko, A. 2001. Foreign direct investment and spillovers of technology. International Journal of Technology Management 22 (5-6): 435–54. doi:10.1504/IJTM.2001.002972.
  • Bridge, G. 2008. Global production networks and the extractive sector: Governing resource-based development. Journal of Economic Geography 8 (3): 389–419. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbn009.
  • Chang, H-J., and Andreoni, A. 2020. Industrial policy in the 21st century. Development and Change 51 (2): 324–51. doi:10.1111/dech.12570.
  • Cheratian, I., Goltabar, S., and Farzanegan, M. R. 2023. Firms persistence under sanctions: Micro-level evidence from Iran. World Economy 46 (8): 2408–31. doi:10.1111/twec.13378.
  • Clark, G. L., and Wrigley, N. 1995. Sunk costs: A framework for economic geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 20 (2): 204–23. doi:10.2307/622432.
  • Clark, G. L., and Wrigley, N. 1997. Exit, the firm and sunk costs: Reconceptualizing the corporate geography of disinvestment and plant closure. Progress in Human Geography 21 (3): 338–58. doi:10.1191/030913297674898950.
  • Cleary Gottlieb. 2023. Sanctions developments resulting from the conflict in Ukraine—Russia. New York: Cleary Gottlieb. https://www.clearygottlieb.com/news-and-insights/publication-listing/sanctions-developments-resulting-from-the-geopolitical-conflict-in-ukraine—russia.
  • Coe, N. M. 2021. Advanced introduction to global production networks. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
  • Coe, N. M., Dicken, P., and Hess, M. 2008. Global production networks: Realizing the potential. Journal of Economic Geography 8 (3): 271–95. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbn002.
  • Coe, N. M., and Hess, M. 2011. Local and regional development: A global production network approach. In Handbook of local and regional development, ed. A. Pike, A. Rodríguez-Pose, and J. Tomaney, 128–38. London: Routledge.
  • Coe, N. M., Hess, M, Yeung, H. W-c., Dicken, P., and Henderson, J. 2004. ‘Globalizing’ regional development: A global production networks perspective. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 29 (4): 468–84. doi:10.1111/j.0020-2754.2004.00142.x.
  • Coe, N. M., and Yeung H. W-c. 2015. Global production networks: Theorizing economic development in an interconnected world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dallas, M. P., Ponte, S., and Sturgeon, T. J. 2019. Power in global value chains. Review of International Political Economy 26 (4): 666–94. doi:10.1080/09692290.2019.1608284.
  • Dawley, S. 2007. Fluctuating rounds of inward investment in peripheral regions: Semiconductors in the north east of England. Economic Geography 83 (1): 51–73. doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2007.tb00333.x.
  • Dicken, P. 2015. Global shift: Mapping the changing contours of the world economy. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Drezner, D. W. 2011. Sanctions sometimes smart: Targeted sanctions in theory and practice. International Studies Review 13 (1): 96–108. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2010.01001.x.
  • Dunning, J. H., and Lundan, S. M. 2008. Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
  • Ernst, D., and Kim, L. 2002. Global production networks, knowledge diffusion, and local capability formation. Research Policy 31 (8–9): 1417–29. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00072-0.
  • Fallahi, E. 2020. $8b of import items on domestic production list. Tehran Times, October 31, 2020.
  • Farzanegan, M. R., and Batmanghelidj, E. 2023. Understanding economic sanctions on Iran: A survey. Economists’ Voice. doi:10.1515/ev-2023-0014.
  • Felbermayr, G., Kirilakha, A., Syropoulos, C., Yalcin, E., and Yotov, Y. 2020. The global sanctions data base. European Economic Review 129 (October): art. 103561. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103561.
  • Frick, S. A., Rodríguez-Pose, A., and Wong, M. D. 2019. Toward economically dynamic special economic zones in emerging countries. Economic Geography 95 (1): 3–64. doi:10.1080/00130095.2018.1467732.
  • Friedmann, J. 1986. The world city hypothesis. Development and Change 17 (1): 69–83. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1986.tb00231.x.
  • Financial Tribune. 2022. SAIPA to unveil two engines. August 22, 2022.
  • Financial Tribune 2023. SAIPA signs deal to export 45,000 vehicles to Russia. February 25, 2023.
  • Gereffi, G. 2018. Global value chains and development: Redefining the contours of 21st century capitalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gereffi, G., and Lee, J. 2016. Economic and social upgrading in global value chains and industrial clusters: Why governance matters. Journal of Business Ethics 133 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2373-7.
  • Gereffi, G., and Mayer, F. 2006. Globalization and the demand for governance. In The new offshoring of jobs and global development, ed. G. Gereffi, 39–65. Geneva, Switzerland: International Institute for Labour Studies.
  • Gheibi, P. 2022. The rise and fall of US secondary sanctions: The Iran outcasting and re-outcasting regime. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 50 (2): 389–440.
  • Gibbs, N. 2017. Unlocking demand. Automotive Manufacturing Solutions, September 8, 2017.
  • Glassman, J. 2011. The geo-political economy of global production networks. Geography Compass 5 (4): 154–64. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00416.x.
  • Gordon, J. 2016. Economic sanctions as ‘negative development’: The case of Cuba. Journal of International Development 28 (4): 473–84. doi:10.1002/jid.3061.
  • Görg, H., and Strobl, E. 2001. Multinational companies and productivity spillovers: A meta-analysis. Economic Journal 111 (475): 723–39. doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00669.
  • Gurkov, I., and Morley, M. 2021. Looking in the rear-view mirror: A thirty-five year retrospective on the Russian automotive industry. Research Paper WP BRP 64. Moscow, Russia: National Research University Higher School of Economics.
  • Haberly, D., and Wójcik, D. 2022. Sticky power: Global financial networks in the world economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Habibi, N. 2013. The Iranian economy in the shadow of sanctions. In Iran and the global economy: Petro populism, Islam and economic sanctions, ed. P. Alizadeh and H. Hakimian, 188–214. London: Routledge.
  • Halili, Z. 2020. Identifying and ranking appropriate strategies for effective technology transfer in the automotive industry: Evidence from Iran. Technology in Society 62 (August): art. 101264. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101264.
  • Henderson, J., Dicken, P., Hess, M., Coe, N., and Yeung, H. W-c. 2002. Global production networks and the analysis of economic development. Review of International Political Economy 9 (3): 436–64. doi:10.1080/09692290210150842.
  • Henry, I. 2016. Iran: Back on the road. Automotive Manufacturing Solutions, March 1, 2016.
  • Henry, I. 2018. Trump stamps on Iran’s automotive revival. Automotive Logistics, June 20, 2018.
  • Henry, I. 2019. Iran’s automotive industry left to rust. Automotive Logistics, July 17, 2019.
  • Horner, R. 2014. Strategic decoupling, recoupling and global production networks: India’s pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Economic Geography 14 (6): 1117–40. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbt022.
  • Horner, R. 2017. Beyond facilitator? State roles in global value chains and global production networks. Geography Compass 11 (2): art. e12307. doi:10.1111/gec3.12307.
  • Hufbauer, G. C., and Jung, E. 2020. What's new in economic sanctions? European Economic Review 130 (November): art. 103572. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103572.
  • Humphrey, J., Lecler, Y., and Salerno, M. S., eds. 2000. Global strategies and local realities: The auto industry in emerging markets. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Humphrey, J., and Oeter, A. 2000. Motor industry policies in emerging markets: Globalisation and the promotion of domestic industry. In Global strategies and local realities: The auto industry in emerging markets, ed. J. Humphrey, Y. Lecler, and M. S. Salerno, 42–71. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hymer, S. 1976. The international operations of national firms: A study of direct foreign investment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Iranian Auto Parts Manufacturers Association. 2017. Iran automotive-parts industry. Tehran. https://www.sindipecas.org.br/sindinews/PorDentroSetor/2017/2017_IranianAutoPartsManufacturers_IAPMA.pdf
  • Islamic Republic News Agency. 2021. Iran to resume car production abroad, from Caucasus to West Africa. December 26, 2021. https://en.irna.ir/news/84590907/Iran-to-resume-car-production-abroad-from-Caucasus-to-West-Africa/.
  • Irving, J., Beer, A., Weller, S., and Barnes, T. 2022. Plant closures in Australia’s automotive industry: Continuity and change. Regional Studies, Regional Science 9 (1): 5–22.
  • Jack, A., Morris, S., White, S. and Edgecliffe-Johnson, A. 2022. Companies trying to exit Russia have to ‘dance with the devil’. FT.com, April 30, 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/4d66f931-563a-4fdb-9032-18cffa73a7f6.
  • Janeba, E. 2023. Extraterritorial trade sanctions: Theory and application to the US–Iran–EU conflict. Review of International Economics. doi:10.1111/roie.12682.
  • Jessop, B. 2007. State power: A strategic-relational approach. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Kantchev, G., and Chaudhuri, S. 2023. Russia steps up economic war with West, seizing assets of big conglomerates: Seizures of Danone, Carlsberg's operations sound a warning shot to Western companies looking to exit Russia. Wall Street Journal (Online), July 17, 2023.
  • Khodrocar. 2021. Continuation of monopoly with 100% selfsufficiency in the automotive industry / Will we become an automaker with a foreign partner? April 2, 2021. http://khodrocar.com/en/news/4366/continuation-of-monopoly-with-100-selfsufficiency-in-the-automotive-industry-will-we-become-an-automaker-with-a-foreign-partner.
  • Khodrocar 2022a. The continuation of the process of increasing production depends on the cooperation of component makers. September 18, 2022. http://khodrocar.com/en/news/4405/the-continuation-of-the-process-of-increasing-production-depends-on-the-cooperation-of-component-makers.
  • Khodrocar 2022b. A way to compensate for the losses of car manufacturers. October 19, 2022. http://khodrocar.com/en/news/4423/a-way-to-compensate-for-the-losses-of-car-manufacturers.
  • Kim, M.-h. 2019. A real driver of US–China trade conflict. International Trade, Politics and Development 3 (1): 30–40. doi:10.1108/ITPD-02-2019-003.
  • Knoema. 2022. Iran: Car production statistics. In Car production statistics. https://knoema.com/OICACPS2014/car-production-statistics.
  • Koenig, D., and Charlton, A. 2018. Sanctions on Iran could cost US, European companies billions. Boston Globe, May 9, 2018.
  • KSE Institute. 2023. Leave Russia. https://leave-russia.org.
  • Larch, M., Luckstead, J., and Yotov, Y., V. 2021. Economic sanctions and agricultural trade. Working Paper 9410. Munich, Germany: CESifo.
  • Larsson, A. 2002. The development and regional significance of the automotive industry: Supplier parks in western Europe. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 26 (4): 767–84. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.00417.
  • Lektzian, D., and Biglaiser, G. 2013. Investment, opportunity, and risk: Do US sanctions deter or encourage global investment? International Studies Quarterly 57 (1): 65–78. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2012.00761.x.
  • Levy, D. L. 2008. Political contestation in global production networks. Academy of Management Review 33 (4): 943–63. doi:10.5465/amr.2008.34422006.
  • Liu, W. D., and Dicken, P. 2006. Transnational corporations and ‘obligated embeddedness': Foreign direct investment in China's automobile industry. Environment and Planning A 38 (7): 1229–47. doi:10.1068/a37206.
  • Lund, S., Manyika, J., Woetzel, J., Barrball, E., Krishna, M., Alicke, K., Birshan, M. et al. 2020. Risk, resilience, and rebalancing in global value chains. McKinsey Global Institute, 99. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/operations/our-insights/risk-resilience-and-rebalancing-in-global-value-chains?cid=eml-web.
  • MacKinnon, D. 2012. Beyond strategic coupling: Reassessing the firm-region nexus in global production networks. Journal of Economic Geography 12 (1): 227–45. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbr009.
  • Mahood, Q., Van Eerd, D., and Irvin, E. 2014. Searching for grey literature for systematic reviews: Challenges and benefits. Research Synthesis Methods 5(3): 221–34. doi:10.1002/jrsm.1106.
  • Maloney, J., and Gryta, T. 2022. Companies find leaving Russia difficult, though many are trying; Philip Morris, for one, has spent months trying to leave behind a business with 3,200 employees. Wall Street Journal (Online), June 21, 2022.
  • Manteghi, M. 2013. The automotive industry: New trends, approaches, and challenges. In Science and innovations in Iran, ed. A. S. Soofi and S. Ghazinoory, 217–43. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Mehri, D. 2017. Iran Auto: Building a global industry in an Islamic state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mehri, D. 2015a. Pockets of efficiency and the rise of Iran Auto: Implications for theories of the developmental state. Studies in Comparative International Development 50 (3): 408–32. doi:10.1007/s12116-015-9180-8.
  • Mehri, D. 2015b. The role of engineering consultancies as network-centred actors to develop indigenous, technical capacity: The case of Iran's automotive industry. Socio-Economic Review 13 (4): 747–69. doi:10.1093/ser/mwu041.
  • Meyer, K. E., Fang, T., Panibratov, A. Y., Peng, M. W., and Gaur, A. 2023. International business under sanctions. Journal of World Business 58 (2): art. 101426. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2023.101426.
  • Meyer, K. E., and Thein, H. H. 2014. Business under adverse home country institutions: The case of international sanctions against Myanmar. Journal of World Business 49 (1): 156–71. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2013.04.005.
  • Minaee, M., Elahi, S., Majidpour, M., and Menteghi, M. 2021. Lessons learned from an unsuccessful “catching-up” in the automobile industry of Iran. Technology in Society 66 (August): art. 101595. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101595.
  • Mirkina, I. 2018. FDI and sanctions: An empirical analysis of short- and long-run effects. European Journal of Political Economy 54 (September): 198–225. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.05.008.
  • Mohammadi-Nasrabadi, F., Ghodsi, D., Haghighian-Roudsari, A., Fatemeh Esfarjani, F., Khoshfetrat, M.-R., Houshialsadat, Z., Mohammadi-Nasrabadi, M., et al. 2023. Economic sanctions affecting household food and nutrition security and policies to cope with them: A systematic review. International Journal of Health Policy and Management 12 (1): 1–19.
  • Motevalli, G. 2017. European companies flocking into Tehran widen divide with Trump. Bloomberg, July 5, 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-05/european-companies-flocking-into-tehran-widen-divide-with-trump#xj4y7vzkg.
  • OICA. 2023. World motor vehicle production by country and type, 1997–2022. Paris: Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobile.
  • Pavlínek, P. 2018. Global production networks, foreign direct investment, and supplier linkages in the integrated peripheries of the automotive industry. Economic Geography 94 (2): 14–65. doi:10.1080/00130095.2017.1393313.
  • Pavlínek, P. 2020. Restructuring and internationalization of the European automotive industry. Journal of Economic Geography 20 (2): 509–41.
  • Pesaran, E. 2011. Iran's struggle for economic independence: Reform and counter-reform in the post-revolutionary era. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
  • Phelps, N. A., Atienza, M., and Arias, M. 2018. An invitation to the dark side of economic geography. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50 (1): 236–44. doi:10.1177/0308518X17739007.
  • Razavi, M. R. 2018. Industrial development in post-revolutionary Iran: Continuity and reform in a turbulent environment. In Industrial, trade, and employment policies in Iran: Towards a new agenda, ed. P. Alaedini and M. R. Razavi, 29–53. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
  • Razavi, M. R., and Alaedini, P. 2018. The role of state, domestic firms, and MNCs in the Iranian auto industry: Improved competitiveness or policy capture? In Industrial, trade, and employment policies in Iran: Towards a New Agenda, ed. P. Alaedini and M. R. Razavi, 77–105. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
  • Reuters. 2023. Russian car production slumped to lowest since Soviet times in 2022. February 1, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/russian-car-production-slumped-lowest-since-soviet-times-2022-2023-02-01/.
  • Rivlin, P. 2019. Leverage of economic sanctions: The case of US sanctions against Iran, 1979–2016. In Geo-economics and power politics in the 21st century: The revival of economic statecraft, ed. M. Wigell, S. Scholvin, and M. Aaltola, 99–113. London: Routledge.
  • Rodríguez, F. 2022. Sanctions and oil production: Evidence from Venezuela’s Orinoco Basin. Latin American Economic Review 31 (6): 1–31.
  • Rodríguez-Pose, A., and Di Cataldo, M. 2015. Quality of government and innovative performance in the regions of Europe. Journal of Economic Geography 15 (4): 673–706. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbu023.
  • Statistical Centre of Iran. 2021a. Census of industrial enterprises with 10 or more workers. Tehran: SCI. Data available on request from author.
  • Statistical Centre of Iran 2021b. Iran Statistical Yearbook 2019–2020 (1398). Tehran: SCI. https://www.amar.org.ir/english/Iran-Statistical-Yearbook/Iran-Statistical-Yearbook-2019-2020.
  • Sigal, P. 2022. News analysis: Renault faces costs, now and later, in an exit from Russia. Automotive News, March 31, 2022.
  • Smith, A. 2015. The state, institutional frameworks and the dynamics of capital in global production networks. Progress in Human Geography 39 (3): 290–315. doi:10.1177/0309132513518292.
  • Smith, A., Pickles, J., Buček, M., Pástor, R., and Begg, B. 2014. The political economy of global production networks: Regional industrial change and differential upgrading in the East European clothing industry. Journal of Economic Geography 14 (6): 1023–51. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbt039.
  • Smith, A., Rainnie, A., Dunford, M., Hardy, J., Hudson, R., and Sadler, D. 2002. Networks of value, commodities and regions: Reworking divisions of labour in macro-regional economies. Progress in Human Geography 26 (1): 41–63. doi:10.1191/0309132502ph355ra.
  • Solomakhina, Y. A. and Klepalov, N. 2023. Russian countermeasures: The governmental commission imposes additional conditions on exits by investors from unfriendly jurisdictions. https://www.clearytradewatch.com/2023/07/russian-countermeasures-the-governmental-commission-imposes-additional-conditions-on-exits-by-investors-from-unfriendly-jurisdictions/.
  • Sonnenfeld, J. 2023. Yale CELI list of companies leaving and staying in Russia. Yale School of Management. https://www.yalerussianbusinessretreat.com.
  • Sonnenfeld, J., Mylovanov, T., Shapoval, N., Tian, S., Onoprienko, A., Hirsty, G., and Wyrebkowski, M. 2023. The Russian business retreat—How the ratings measured up one year later. SSRN. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4343547.
  • St Martin, K., and Pavlovskaya, M. 2010. Secondary data. In Research methods in geography, ed. B. Gomez and J. P. I. Jones, 173–93. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Stolyarov, G. 2022. Chinese grab Russian car market share after Western rivals depart. Reuters, December 8, 2022.
  • Sturgeon, T., Van Biesebroeck, J., and Gereffi, G. 2008. Value chains, networks and clusters: Reframing the global automotive industry. Journal of Economic Geography 8 (3): 297–321. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbn007.
  • Syropoulos, C., Felbermayr, G., Kirilakha, A., Yalcin, E., Yotov, Y. V. 2023. The global sanctions data base–Release 3: COVID-19, Russia, and multilateral sanctions. Review of International Economics doi: 10.1111/roie.12691.
  • Traub-Merz, R. 2017. The automotive sector in Russia: Between growth and decline. In The automotive sector in emerging economies: Industrial policies, market dynamics and trade unions: Trends & perspectives in Brazil, China, India, Mexico and Russia, ed. R. Traub-Merz, 127–47. Berlin, Germany: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
  • Tredway, G. 2016. PSA and SAIPA sign up to joint production in Iran. Automotive Logistics, October 10, 2016.
  • Tehran Times. 2015. Renault never left Iran during sanctions: Renault Pars CEO. August 2, 2015.
  • Tehran Times. 2017a. Iran to sign 5 auto deals with intl. companies by Mar. 20. January 5, 2017.
  • Tehran Times. 2017b. Renault planning for long-term presence in Iran: CEO. October 12, 2017.
  • Tehran Times. 2018. Renault’s investment in Iran to hit €800 m. February 13, 2018.
  • Tehran Times. 2020a. Auto part manufacturing sector needs 15,000 tons of steel to boost production. December 20, 2020.
  • Tehran Times. 2020b. Self-sufficiency in auto parts manufacturing at 80%. January 26, 2020.
  • Tehran Times. 2022. Quarterly production by major automakers up 11.2% year on year. July 2, 2022.
  • Tehran Times. 2023. Iranian carmaker to resume production in Venezuela. June 14, 2023.
  • United States Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2022. National Transportation Statistics 2022. https://www.bts.gov/topics/national-transportation-statistics.
  • Van Bergeijk, P. A. 2021. Introduction to the research handbook on economic sanctions. In Research handbook on economic sanctions, ed. P. A. Van Bergeijk, 1–24. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Wade, R. 2018. The developmental state: Dead or alive? Development and Change 49 (2): 518–46. doi:10.1111/dech.12381.
  • Weber, P. M., and Schneider, G. 2022. Post–cold war sanctioning by the EU, the UN, and the US: Introducing the EUSANCT Dataset. Conflict Management and Peace Science 39 (1): 97–114. doi:10.1177/0738894220948729.
  • Weller, S., and Rainnie, A. 2022. Regional assets and value capture trajectories: The growth and demise of an Australian automotive supplier. Review of International Political Economy. doi: 10.1080/09692290.2022.2127119. 1–23.
  • Wenten, F. 2020. The automotive industry in China: Past and present. In New frontiers of the automobile industry, ed. V. A. Covarrubias and S. M. Ramírez Perez, 279–300. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave, MacMillan.
  • Werner, M. 2016. Global production networks and uneven development: Exploring geographies of devaluation, disinvestment, and exclusion. Geography Compass 10 (11): 457–69. doi:10.1111/gec3.12295.
  • Wong, W. K. O. 2017. Automotive global value chain: The rise of mega suppliers. London: Routledge.
  • Yang, C., and He, C. 2017. Transformation of China's ‘world factory’: Production relocation and export evolution of the electronics firms. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 108 (5): 571–91. doi:10.1111/tesg.12222.
  • Yeung, H. W-c. 2009. Regional development and the competitive dynamics of global production networks: An East Asian perspective. Regional Studies 43 (3): 325–51. doi:10.1080/00343400902777059.
  • Yeung, H. W-c. 2015. Regional development in the global economy: A dynamic perspective of strategic coupling in global production networks. Regional Science Policy & Practice 7 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1111/rsp3.12055.
  • Yeung, H. W-c. 2016. Strategic coupling: East Asian industrial transformation in the new global economy. Ithaca,NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Yeung, H. W-c. 2017. Rethinking the East Asian developmental state in its historical context: Finance, geopolitics and bureaucracy. Area Development and Policy 2 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1080/23792949.2016.1264868.
  • Zemtsov, S. P., Barinova, V. A., and Mikhailov, A. A. 2023. Sanctions, exit of foreign companies and business activity in the Russian regions. Ekonomicheskaya Politika 18 (2): 44–79.