1,998
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Structure and topology of a brittle-ductile fault swarm at Crawford Knob, Franz Josef, New Zealand

Pages 230-251 | Received 04 Jan 2023, Accepted 12 Apr 2023, Published online: 07 May 2023

References

  • Abercrombie RE, Webb TH, Robinson R, McGinty PJ, Mori JJ, Beavan RJ. 2000. The enigma of the Arthur's Pass, New Zealand, earthquake: 1. Reconciling a variety of data for an unusual earthquake sequence. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 105:16119–16137.
  • Allmendinger RW. 2020. Stereonet 10 for Windows (Version 10.4.46) [Stereographic projection software]. Cornell University, Ithaca, USA: Dept. of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences. http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/faculty/RWA/programs/stereonet.html.
  • Beacom LE, Holdsworth RE, McCaffrey KJW, Anderson TB. 2001. A quantitative study of the influence of pre-existing compositional and fabric heterogeneities upon fracture-zone development during basement reactivation. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 186(1):195–211.
  • Beyssac O, Cox SC, Vry J, Herman F. 2016. Peak metamorphic temperature and thermal history of the Southern Alps (New Zealand). Tectonophysics. 676:229–249.
  • Bonnet E, Bour O, Odling NE, Davy P, Main I, Cowie P, Berkowitz B. 2001. Scaling of fracture systems in geological media. Reviews of Geophysics. 39:347–383.
  • Childs C, Nicol A, Walsh JJ, Watterson J. 1996. Growth of vertically segmented normal faults. Journal of Structural Geology. 18(12):1389–1397.
  • Cox SC, Findlay RH. 1995. The main divide fault zone and its role in formation of the Southern Alps, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 38(4):489–499.
  • Cox SC, Stirling MW, Herman F, Gerstenberger M, Ristau J. 2012. Potentially active faults in the rapidly eroding landscape adjacent to the Alpine Fault, central Southern Alps, New Zealand. Tectonics. 31(2).
  • Davy P. 1993. On the frequency-length distribution of the San Andreas fault system. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 98:12141–12151.
  • de Dreuzy JR, Davy P, Bour O. 2001. Hydraulic properties of two-dimensional random fracture networks following a power law length distribution: 1. Effective connectivity. Water Resources Research. 37(8):2065–2078.
  • DeMets C, Gordon RG, Argus DF, Stein S. 1994. Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions. Geophysical Research Letters. 21(20):2191–2194.
  • Einstein HH, Baecher GB. 1981. Probabilistic and statistical methods in engineering geology. In: Ingenieurgeologie und Geomechanik als Grundlagen des Felsbaues/Engineering Geology and Geomechanics as Fundamentals of Rock Engineering: Vorträge des 30. Geomechanik-Kolloquiums der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Geomechanik/Contributions to the 30th Geomechanical Colloquium of the Austrian Society for Geomechanics, Salzburg 7.–9. Oktober 1981 2013 Mar 13 (Vol. 12, p. 47). Springer-Verlag.
  • Eisnstein HH, Baecher G. 1983. Probabilistic and statistical methods in engineering geology—specific methods and examples, part I: exploration. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 16:39–72.
  • Ellis S, Stöckhert B. 2004. Imposed strain localization in the lower crust on seismic timescales. Earth, Planets and Space. 56(12):1103–1109.
  • Evans B, Fredrich JT, Wong TF. 1990. Geophysical monograph series. The Brittle-Ductile Transition in Rocks. 56:1–20.
  • Grigull S. 2011. Insights into the rheology of rocks under brittle-ductile deformation conditions from an exhumed shear array in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Unpublished PhD thesis. Victoria University of Wellington.
  • Grigull S, Ellis SM, Little TA, Hill MP, Buiter SJ. 2012. Rheological constraints on quartz derived from scaling relationships and numerical models of sheared brittle-ductile quartz veins, central Southern Alps, New Zealand. Journal of Structural Geology. 37:200–222.
  • Handy MR, Hirth G, Bürgmann R. 2007. Fault structure and rheology from the frictional-viscous transition downward. In: M.R. Handy, G. Hirth, N. Hovius, editor. Tectonic faults – agents of change on a dynamic earth, Dahlem Workshop Report 95, 504 pp. Cambridge, Mass, USA: The MIT Press; p. 139–181.
  • Healy D, Rizzo RE, Cornwell DG, Farrell NJ, Watkins H, Timms NE, Gomez-Rivas E, Smith M. 2017. FracPaQ: A MATLAB™ toolbox for the quantification of fracture patterns. Journal of Structural Geology. 95:1–16.
  • Heron DW (custodian). 2018. Geological Map of New Zealand 1:250 000. GNS science geological Map 1 (2nd ed.). Institute of geological and nuclear sciences, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
  • Hill M. 2005. Crystallographic preferred orientation of quartz and calcite in brittle-ductile shear arrays from the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Unpublished Master of Science thesis. Victoria University of Wellington.
  • Hill M, Ellis S, Little TA, MacLeod KRD. 2020. Geological mapping and structural analysis from combined field mapping, GPS surveying, photogrammetry and 3-D modelling at Crawford Knob, Franz Josef, New Zealand. GNS Science Report, 2020/25. doi:10.21420/XVZG-XM98.
  • Hirth G, Beeler NM. 2015. The role of fluid pressure on frictional behavior at the base of the seismogenic zone. Geology. 43(3):223–226.
  • Huc M, Hassani R, Chéry J. 1998. Large earthquake nucleation associated with stress exchange between middle and upper crust. Geophysical Research Letters. 25(4):551–554.
  • Kohlstedt DL, Evans B, Mackwell SJ. 1995. Strength of the lithosphere: constraints imposed by laboratory experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 100(B9):17587–17602.
  • Langridge RM, Ries WF, Litchfield NJ, Villamor P, Van Dissen RJ, Barrell DJA, Rattenbury MS, Heron DW, Haubrock S, Townsend DB, et al. 2016. The New Zealand active faults database. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 59(1):86–96. doi:10.1080/00288306.2015.1112818.
  • Little T, Wightman R, Holcombe RJ, Hill M. 2007. Transpression models and ductile deformation of the lower crust of the Pacific Plate in the central Southern Alps, a perspective from structural geology. Washington DC American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series. 175:271–288.
  • Little TA. 2004. Transpressive ductile flow and oblique ramping of lower crust in a two-sided orogen: insight from quartz grain-shape fabrics near the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Tectonics. 23:TC2013.
  • Little TA, Cox S, Vry JK, Batt G. 2005. Variations in exhumation level and uplift rate along the obliqu-slip Alpine fault, central Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 117(5-6):707–723.
  • Little TA, Holcombe RJ, Ilg BR. 2002. Ductile fabrics in the zone of active oblique convergence near the Alpine Fault, New Zealand: identifying the neotectonic overprint. Journal of Structural Geology. 24(1):193–217.
  • Manzocchi T. 2002. The connectivity of two-dimensional networks of spatially correlated fractures. Water Resources Research. 38(9):1-1. doi:10.1029/2000WR000180.
  • Marchesini B, Garofalo PS, Menegon L, Mattila J, Viola G. 2019. Fluid-mediated, brittle–ductile deformation at seismogenic depth – Part 1: fluid record and deformation history of fault veins in a nuclear waste repository (Olkiluoto Island, Finland). Solid Earth. 10(3):809–838.
  • Marrett R, Gale JFW, Gomez LA, Laubach SE. 2018. Correlation analysis of fracture arrangement in space. Journal of Structural Geology. 108:16–33.
  • Michailos K, Smith EG, Chamberlain CJ, Savage MK, Townend J. 2019. Variations in seismogenic thickness along the Central Alpine Fault, New Zealand, revealed by a decade's relocated microseismicity. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 20:470–486.
  • Misra S, Ellis S, Mandal N. 2015. Fault damage zones in mechanically layered rocks: the effects of planar anisotropy. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 120(8):5432–5452. doi:10.1002/2014JB011780.
  • Mitchell EK, Fialko Y, Brown KM. 2016. Velocity-weakening behavior of Westerly granite at temperature up to 600°C. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 121(9):6932–6946.
  • Niemeijer AR, Boulton C, Toy VG, Townend J, Sutherland R. 2016. Large-displacement, hydrothermal frictional properties of DFDP-1 fault rocks, Alpine Fault, New Zealand: Implications for deep rupture propagation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 121.
  • Norris RJ, Cooper AF. 2001. Late quaternary slip rates and slip partitioning on the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Journal of Structural Geology. 23(2-3):507–520.
  • Nüchter JA, Stöckhert B. 2008. Coupled stress and pore fluid pressure changes in the middle crust: vein record of coseismic loading and postseismic stress relaxation. Tectonics. 27(1).
  • Odling NE, Gillespie P, Bourgine B, Castaing C, Chiles JP, Christensen NP, Fillion E, Genter A, Olsen C, Thrane L, Trice R. 1999. Variations in fracture system geometry and their implications for fluid flow in fractures hydrocarbon reservoirs. Petroleum Geoscience. 5(4):373–384.
  • Pozdniakov S, Tsang CF. 2004. A self-consistent approach for calculating the effective hydraulic conductivity of a binary, heterogeneous medium. Water Resources Research. 40(5):W05105. doi:10.1029/2003WR002617.
  • Rizzo RE, Healy D, De Siena L. 2017. Benefits of maximum likelihood estimators for fracture attribute analysis: implications for permeability and up-scaling. Journal of Structural Geology. 95:17–31.
  • Rolandone F, Bürgmann R, Nadeau RM. 2004. The evolution of the seismic-aseismic transition during the earthquake cycle: Constraints from the time-dependent depth distribution of aftershocks. Geophysical Research Letters. 31(23).
  • Sanderson DJ, Nixon CW. 2015. The use of topology in fracture network characterization. Journal of Structural Geology. 72:55–66.
  • Sanderson DJ, Peacock DCP. 2019. Line sampling of fracture swarms and corridors. Journal of Structural Geology. 122:27–37.
  • Scholz CH. 1988. The brittle-plastic transition and the depth of seismic faulting. Geologische Rundschau. 77(1):319–328.
  • Schrank CE, Handy MR, Fusseis F. 2008. Multiscaling of shear zones and the evolution of the brittle-to-viscous transition in continental crust. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 113(B1).
  • Segall P, Pollard DD. 1983. Joint formation in granitic rock of the Sierra Nevada. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 94(5):563–575.
  • Sibson RH. 1983. Continental fault structure and the shallow earthquake source. Journal of the Geological Society. 140(5):741–767.
  • Sutherland R, Berryman K, Norris R. 2006. Quaternary slip rate and geomorphology of the Alpine fault: Implications for kinematics and seismic hazard in southwest New Zealand. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 118(3-4):464–474.
  • Upton P, Sutherland R. 2014. High permeability and low temperature correlates with proximity to brittle failure within mountains at an active tectonic boundary, Manapouri tunnel, Fiordland, New Zealand. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 389:176–187.
  • Van Dinther Y, Gerya TV, Dalguer LA, Mai PM, Morra G, Giardini D. 2013. The seismic cycle at subduction thrusts: insights from seismo-thermo-mechanical models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 118(12):6183–6202.
  • Wightman RH. 2005. Deformation and Orogenesis: The Geodynamic Significance of a Brittle-ductile Fault Array in the Central Southern Alps, New Zealand: a Thesis Submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geology (Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington).
  • Wightman RH, Little TA. 2007. Deformation of the Pacific Plate above the Alpine Fault ramp and its relationship to expulsion of metamorphic fluids: an array of backshears. Washington DC American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series. 175:177–205.
  • Wightman RH, Prior DJ, Little TA. 2006. Quartz veins deformed by diffusion creep-accommodated grain boundary sliding during a transient, high strain-rate event in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Journal of Structural Geology. 28(5):902–918.