Restoring the seagrass Zostera muelleri with transplants: small cores are as effective as larger plots

References

• Christianen MJA, van Belzen J, Herman PMJ, van Katwijk MM, Lamers LPM, van Leent PJM, Bouma TJ. 2013. Low-canopy seagrass beds still provide important coastal protection services. PLoS ONE. 8(5):e62413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha AH, Marba NN, van Katwijk MM, Pickerell C, Henriques M, Bernard G, Ferreira A, Garcia A, Garmedia JM, Manent P. 2012. Changing paradigms in seagrass restoration. Rest Ecol. 20:427–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lange PJ, Rolfe JR, Barkla JW, Courtney SP, Champion PD, Perrie LR, Beadel SM, Ford KA, Breitwieser I, Schonberger I, et al. 2018. Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 22. . Wellington: Department of Conservation. p. 82.
   Google Scholar
• de los Santos CB, Krause-Jensen D, Alcoverro T, Marba N, Duarte CM, van Katwijk MM, Perez M, Romero J, Sanchez-Lizaso JL, Roca G, et al. 2019. Recent trend reversal for declining European seagrass meadows. Nat Commun. 10:3356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickie BN. 1984. Whangarei Harbour: soft sediment investigations. Technical report No. 4. Whangarei Harbour Board. p. 135.
   Google Scholar
• Duarte CM, Cebrian J. 1996. The fate of marine autotrophic production. Limnol Oceanogr. 41(8):1758–1766.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanigan YS, Critchley C. 1996. Light response of D1 turnover and photosystem II efficiency in the seagrass Zostera capricorni. Planta. 198:319–323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonseca MS, Kenworthy WJ, Thayer GW. 1998. Guidelines for the Conservation and Restoration of Seagrasses in the United States and Adjacent Waters. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 12. NOAA Coastal Ocean Office, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Fourqurean JW, Duarte CM, Kennedy H, Marba N, Holmer M, Mateo MA, Apostolaki ET, Kendrick GA, Krause-Jensen D, McGlathery KJ, Serrano O. 2012. Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock. Nat Geosci. 5:505–509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglis GJ. 2003. Seagrasses of New Zealand. In: Green EP, Short FT, editors. World atlas of Seagrasses: present status and future conservation. Berkeley: University of California Press; p. 148–157.
   Google Scholar
• Jones TC, Gemmill CEC, Pilditch CA. 2008. Genetic variability of New Zealand seagrass (Zostera muelleri) assessed at multiple spatial scales. Aquat Bot. 88:39–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marion SR, Orth RJ. 2010. Innovative techniques for large-scale seagrass restoration using Zostera marina (Eelgrass) seeds. Restor Ecol. 18:14–526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matheson FE, Lundquist CJ, Gemmill CEC, Pilditch CA. 2011. New Zealand seagrass – more threatened than IUCN review indicates. Biol Cons. 144:2749–2750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matheson FE, Reed J, Dos Santos VM, Mackay G, Cummings V. 2017. Seagrass rehabilitation: successful transplants and comparison of methods at different spatial scales. NZ J Mar Freshwat Res. 51:96–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlathery KJ, Sundback K, Anderson IC. 2007. Eutrophication in shallow coastal bays and lagoons: the role of plants in the coastal filter. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 348:1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison M. 2003. A review of the natural marine features and ecology of Whangarei Harbour. NIWA Report AKL2003-122: 60.
   Google Scholar
• Orth RJ, Carruthers JB, Dennison WC, Duarte CM, Fourqurean JW, Heck Jr KL, Hughes AR, Kendrick GW, Kenworthy WJ, Olyarnik S, et al. 2006. A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems. Bioscience. 56:987–996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paling EI, van Keulen M, Wheeler KD, Phillips J, Dyhrberg R. 2001a. Mechanical seagrass transplantation in Western Australia. Ecol Eng. 16:331–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paling EI, van Keulen M, Wheeler KD, Phillips J, Dyhrberg R, Lord DA. 2001b. Improving mechanical seagrass transplantation. Ecol Eng. 18:107–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paling EI, van Keulen M, Wheeler KD. 2002. Seagrass rehabilitation on Success Bank, Western Australia. (Project S2, 1995-2002): Final Report. Marine and Freshwater Research Laboratory Environmental Science Report for Cockburn Cement Ltd: p. 96.
   Google Scholar
• Reed J, Schwarz A, Gosai A, Morrison M. 2004. Feasibility study to investigate the replenishment/reinstatement of seagrass beds in Whangarei Harbour – Phase 1. Report AKL2004-33 for Northland Regional Council.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz AM, Reed J, Morrison M. 2005. Decision making document. Report for Sustainable Management Fund and Northland Regional Council.
   Google Scholar
• Seddon S. 2004. Going with the flow: facilitating seagrass rehabilitation. Ecol Man Restor. 5(3):167–176.
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair EA, Sherman CDH, Statton J, Copeland C, Matthews A, Waycott M, van Dijk K, Vergés A, Kajlich L, McLeod I, Kendrick GA. 2021. Advances in approaches to seagrass restoration in Australia. Ecol Man Restor. 22(1):10–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan Y-M, Dalby O, Kendrick GA, Statton J, Sinclair EA, Fraser MW, Macreadie PI, Gillies CL, Coleman RA, Waycott M, et al. 2020. Seagrass restoration is possible: insights and lessons from Australia and New Zealand. Front Mar Sci. 7617. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thimijan RW, Heins RD. 1983. Photometric, radiometric, and quantum light units of measure: a review of procedures for interconversion. HortScience. 18:818–822.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner S. 1995. Restoring seagrass systems in New Zealand. Water and Atmosphere. 3:2.
   Google Scholar
• Turner S, Schwarz A-M. 2006. Management and conservation of seagrass in New Zealand: an introduction. Science for Conservation. 264:90.
   Google Scholar
• Uhrin AV, Hall MO, Merello MF, Fonseca MS. 2008. Survival and expansion of mechanically transplanted seagrass sods. Restor Ecol. 17(3):359–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unsworth RKF, Bertelli CM, Cullen-Unsworth LC, Esteban N, Jones BL, Lilley R, Lowe C, Nuuttila HK, Rees SC. 2019. Sowing the seeds of seagrass recovery using hessian bags. Front Ecol Evol. 7:311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Katwijk MM, Bos AR, de Jonge VN, Hanssen LSAM, Hermus DCR, de Jong DJ. 2009. Guidelines for seagrass restoration: importance of habitat selection and donor population, spreading of risks, and ecosystem engineering effects. Mar Poll Bull. 58:179–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Katwijk MM, Thorhaug A, Marba N, Orth RJ, Duarte CM, Kendrick GA, Althuizen IHJ, Balestri E, Bernard G, Cambridge ML, et al. 2016. Global analysis of seagrass restoration: the importance of large-scale planting. J Appl Ecol. 3:567–578.
   Google Scholar
• van Keulen M, Paling EI, Walker CJ. 2003. Effect of planting unit size and sediment stabilization on seagrass transplants in Western Australia. Restor Ecol. 11(1):50–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verduin JJ, Paling EI, van Keulen M, Rivers LE. 2012. Recovery of donor meadows of Posidonia sinuosa and Posidonia australis contributes to sustainable seagrass transplantation. Internat J Ecol. 2012; Article ID 837317. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/837317.
   Google Scholar
• Walker CJ. 1994. The effect of size and sediment stabilization on the survival of seagrass transplants in Owen Anchorage, Honours Thesis, Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Waycott M, Duarte CM, Carruthers TJB, Orth RJ, Dennison WC, Olyamik S, Calladine A, Fourqurean JW, Heck Jr KL, Hughes AR, et al. 2009. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106:12377–12381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabarte-Maeztu I, Matheson FE, Manley-Harris M, Hawes I. 2021. Sexual reproduction of seagrass Zostera muelleri in Aotearoa New Zealand. Are we missing a restoration opportunity? NZ J Mar Freshwat Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2021.2003825.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarco-Perello S, Enriquez S. 2019. Remote underwater video reveals higher fish diversity and abundance in seagrass meadows, and habitat difference in trophic interactions. Sci Rep. 9:6596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar