Myrmecophily in Lycaenidae butterflies (Rhopalocera, Lepidoptera) of Kerala, Western Ghats, Southern India

References

• AntWeb. 2022. AntWeb. Version 8.68.7. California Academy of Science; [accessed 2022 Feb 7]. https://www.antweb.org.
   Google Scholar
• Ballmer GR. 2003. Observations on resource partitioning among ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and lycaenid larvae (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) associated with Pueraria phaseoloides in South Thailand. ScienceAsia. 29(3):197–202. doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2003.29.197
   Google Scholar
• Basu DN, Churi P, Soman A, Sengupta A, Bhakare M, Lokhande S, Bhoite S, Huertas B, Kunte K. 2019. The genus Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in the Indian subcontinent. Tropical Lepidoptera Research. 29(2):87–110. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3538155.
   Google Scholar
• Bean AE. 1964. Notes on the life history of Nacaduba pactolus continentalis Früh. (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Poona district, Western Ghats. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 61:614–626.
   Google Scholar
• Bean AE. 1988. Observations on the occurrence and habits of the Nacaduba complex of the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera), mainly from Pune district, Western Ghats. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 85:332–363.
   Google Scholar
• Bell TR. 1915–1920. The common butterflies of the plains of India. Parts 17-25. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 23:481–497; 24:656–672; 25:430–453, 636–664; 26:98–140, 438–487, 750–769, 941–954; 27:26–32.
   Google Scholar
• Bharti H, Guénard B, Bharti M, Economo E. 2016. An updated checklist of the ants of India with their specific distributions in Indian states (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys. 551:1–83. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.551.6767.
   Google Scholar
• Bingham CT. 1903. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera. Vol II. Ants and Cuckoo Wasps. London: Taylor and Francis. 506 pp. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.106780.
   Google Scholar
• Bolton B 2022. An online catalog of the ants of the world. [accessed 2022 Feb 7]. https://antcat.org.
   Google Scholar
• Das KRK. 2007. Some observations of plains Cupids Euchrysops pandava on Cycas circinalis. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 104(3):367–368.
   Google Scholar
• Dinesh AS, Venkatesha MG, Ramakrishna S. 2010. Developement, life history characteristics and behaviour of mealy bug predator, Spalgis epeus (Westwood) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) on Planococcus citri (Risso) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Pest Science. 83(3):339–345. doi: 10.1007/s10340-010-0303-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastwood R, Fraser AM. 1999. Associations between lycaenid butterflies and ants in Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology. 24(5):503–537. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.1999.01000.x
   Google Scholar
• Espeland M, Breinholt J, Willmott K, Warren AD, Vila R, Toussaint EFA, Maunsell S, Poku KA, Talavera G, Eastwood R, et al. 2018. A comprehensive and dated phylogenomic analysis of butterflies. Current Biology. 28(5):770–778.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans WH. 1927. The identification of Indian butterflies. 1 ed. Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society. xii+302 pp, 32 pl., 11 figs.
   Google Scholar
• Fiedler K. 1991. Systematic, evolutionary, and ecological implications of myrmecophily within the Lycaenidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Bonner Zoologische Monographien. 31:1–210.
   Google Scholar
• Fiedler K. 1992. Notes on the biology of Hypolycaena othona (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in West Malaysia. Nachr. entomol. Vereins Apollo. 13(2):65–92. Frankfurt, NF.
   Google Scholar
• Fiedler K. 2021. The ant associates of Lycaenidae butterfly caterpillars – revisited. Nota Lepidopterologica. 44:159–174. doi: 10.3897/nl.44.68993.
   Google Scholar
• Fiedler K, Maschwitz U. 1989. The symbiosis between the weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina, and Anthene emolus, an obligate myrmecophilous lycaenid butterfly. Journal of Natural History. 23(4):833–846. doi: 10.1080/00222938900770441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaonkar H. 1996. Butterflies of the Western Ghats, India (including Sri Lanka: a biodiversity assessment of a threatened mountain system). Bangalore: Indian Institute of Science. Technical report to Centre for Ecological Sciences. 89 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Heath A, Kaliszewska ZA, Pringle EL. 2018. An overview of the biology of the Afrotropical genus Crudaria Wallengren, 1875 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Aphnaeinae) including some new observations. Metamorphosis. 29:92–117.
   Google Scholar
• Hölldobler B, Kwapich CL. 2022. The guests of ants. How myrmecophiles interact with their hosts. Harvard University Press. 576 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hsu YF, Huang CL, Huang HC. 2016. Immature biology and morphology of an obligate myrmecophilous butterfly Catapaecilma major moltrechti (Wileman) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Taiwan. Zootaxa. 4139(2):274–284. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.2.10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunte K, Sondhi S, Roy P (Chief Editors). 2023. Butterflies of India, v. 4.12. Indian Foundation for Butterflies; [accessed 2023 Jan 27]. https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen TB. 1984. Butterflies of Saudi Arabia and its neighbours. London: Transworld Arabian Library, Riyadh; Stacey International. 160 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Lin YH, Liao YC, Yang CCS, Billen J, Yang MM, Hsu YFE. 2019. Vibrational communication between a myrmecophilous butterfly Spindasis lohita (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and its host ant Crematogaster rogenhoferi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Scientific Reports. 9:18548. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54966-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malicky H. 1970. New aspects on the association between lycaenid larvae (Lycaenidae) and ants (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). Journal of the Lepidopterist’s Society. 24:190–202.
   Google Scholar
• Mani MS. 1974. Biogeographical evolution in India. In: Mani MS, editor. Ecology and biogeography in India. The Hague, Netherlands: W. Junk; p. 698–724. doi: 10.1007/978-94-010-2331-3_24.
   Google Scholar
• Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GA, Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature. 403(6772):853–858. doi: 10.1038/35002501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair SC. 1991. The Southern Western ghats- a biodiversity conservation plan. Studies in ecology and sustainable development–4. New Delhi: Published by Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage. 92 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Nair VP. 2003. Myrmecophily in the common Pierrot, Castalius rosimon Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zoos’ Print Journal. 18(1):994. doi: 10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.18.1.994
   Google Scholar
• Newcomer EJ. 1912. Some observations on the relations of ants and lycaenid caterpillars, and a description of the relational organs of the latter. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 20:31–36, 3 pl.
   Google Scholar
• Nitin R, Balakrishnan VC, Churi PV, Kalesh S, Prakash S, Kunte K. 2018. Larval host plants of the butterflies of the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 10(4):11495–11550. doi: 10.11609/jott.3104.10.4.11495-11550
   Google Scholar
• Parker J, Kronauer DJC. 2021. How ants shape biodiversity. Current Biology. 31(19):R1208–R1214. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce NE. 1984. Amplified species diversity: a case study of an Australian lycaenid butterfly and its attendant ants. In: Vane-Wright RI, Ackery PR editors. Biology of butterflies. XI symposium of the royal entomological society (London). London: Academic Press; p. 197–200.
   Google Scholar
• Pierce NE, Braby MF, Heath A, Lohman DJ, Mathew J, Rand DB, Travassos MA. 2002. The ecology and evolution of ant association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera). Annual Review of Entomology. 47:733–771. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce NE, Dankowicz E. 2022a. Behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary mechanisms underlying caterpillar-ant symbioses. Current Opinion in Insect Science. 52:100898. doi: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100898.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pierce NE, Dankowicz E. 2022b. Correction to: the natural history of caterpillar-ant associations. In: Marquis RJ, and Koptur S, editors. Caterpillars in the middle. Fascinating life sciences. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; p. 319–391. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-86688-4_21.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts TJ. 2001. The butterflies of Pakistan. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. xxiv + 200 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Sadasivan K, Baiju K, Khot R, Naicker RK. 2021. A new taxon of nacaduba moore, 1881 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Polyommatini) from Agasthyamalais of the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 13(3):17939–17949. doi: 10.11609/jott.6285.13.3.17939-17949.
   Google Scholar
• Sadasivan K, Sengupta A. 2023. The butterflies of Western Ghats–their status and distribution. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.
   Google Scholar
• Seufert P, Fiedler K. 1996. Life -history diversity and local co-existence of three closely related lycaenid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Malaysian rainforests. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 234:229–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevastopulo DG. 1941. The early stages of Indian Lepidoptera. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 42:284.
   Google Scholar
• van der Poorten G, van der Poorten N. 2012. The bionomics of Spindasis greeni Heron, 1896 and a review of the early stages of the genus Spindasis in Sri Lanka (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 45:119–133. doi: 10.5962/p.266489.
   Google Scholar
• van der Poorten G, van der Poorten N. 2013. New and revised descriptions of the immature stages of some butterflies in Sri Lanka and their larval food plants (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Part 1: polyommatinae and Theclinae, in part. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 46:25–49. doi: 10.5962/p.332187.
   Google Scholar
• Venkatesha MG. 2005. Why is homopterophagous butterfly, Spalgis epeus (Westwood) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) amyrmecophilous? Current Science. 89(2):245–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynter-Blyth MA. 1957. Butterflies of the Indian region. Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society. 523 pp.
   Google Scholar