Unraveling Gender and Non-Accidental Violence in Women’s Gymnastics Research: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis

References

• Annandale, E., Harvey, J., Cavers, D., & Dixon-Woods, M. (2007). Gender and access to healthcare in the UK: A critical interpretive synthesis of the literature. Evidence & Policy: A Journal of Research, Debate & Practice, 3(4), 463–486. https://doi.org/10.1332/174426407782516538
   Google Scholar
• Barker-Ruchti, N., Schubring, A., & Stewart, C. (2020). Gendered violence in women's artistic gymnastics: A sociological analysis. In Routledge handbook of athlete welfare (pp. 57–68).
   Google Scholar
• Barker-Ruchti, N., & Tinning, R. (2010). Foucault in leotards: Corporeal discipline in women’s artistic gymnastics. Sociology of Sport Journal, 27, 229–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekker, S., Ahmed, O. H., Bakare, U., Blake, T. A., Brooks, A. M., Davenport, T. E., Mendonça, L. D. M., Fortington, L. V., Himawan, M., Kemp, J. L., Litzy, K., Loh, R. F., MacDonald, J., McKay, C. D., Mosler, A. B., Mountjoy, M., Pederson, A., Stefan, M. I., Stokes, E., & Vassallo, A. J.… Whittaker, J. L. (2018). We need to talk about manels: The problem of implicit gender bias in sport and exercise medicine. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(20), 1287–1289. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bem, S. L. (1993). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bewley, S., McCartney, M., Meads, C., & Rogers, A. (2021). Sex, gender, and medical data. British Medical Journal, 372(735), n735. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n735
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bjørnseth, I., & Szabo, A. (2018). Sexual violence against children in sports and exercise: A systematic literature review. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(4), 365–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1477222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brackenridge, C., & Fasting, K. (2002). Sexual harassment and abuse in sport: The research context. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 8(2), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600208413336
   Google Scholar
• Calasanti, T., & King, N. (2015). Intersectionality and age. In J. Twigg & W. Martin (Eds.), Routledge handbook of cultural gerontology (pp. 193–200). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cervin, G. (2020, August 4). Girls no more: Why elite gymnastics competition for women should start at 18. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/girls-no-more-why-elite-gymnastics-competition-for-women-should-start-at-18-143182
   Google Scholar
• Cervin, G. (2021). Degrees of difficulty: How Women’s Gymnastics Rose to prominence and fell from grace. University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Identity politics, intersectionality, and violence against women. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
   Google Scholar
• Dixon-Woods, M., Cavers, D., Agarwal, S., Annandale, E., Arthur, A., Harvey, J., Hsu, R., Katbamna, S., Olsen, R., Smith, L., Riley, R., & Sutton, A. J. (2006). Conducting a critical interpretive synthesis of the literature on access to healthcare by vulnerable groups. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-6-35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eagleman, A. N., Rodenberg, R. M., & Lee, S. (2014). From ‘hollow-eyed pixies’ to ‘team of adults’: Media portrayals of Olympic women’s gymnastics before and after an increased minimum age policy. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise & Health, 6(3), 401–421.
   Google Scholar
• Edelman, M., & Pacella, J. M. (2019). Vaulted into victims: Preventing further sexual abuse in US Olympic sports through unionisation and improved governance. Arizona Law Review, 61, 463–504.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (n.d.). What is gender-based violence? Gender-based violence can take different forms and mostly affects women and girls. www.ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/gender-equality/gender-based-violence/what-gender-based-violence_de
   Google Scholar
• Felipe-Russo, N., & Pirlot, A. (2006). Gender-based violence: Concepts, methods and findings. New York Academy of Sciences, 1087(1), 178–205. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1385.024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisher, L. A., & Anders, A. D. (2020). Engaging with cultural sport psychology to explore systemic sexual exploitation in USA gymnastics: A call to commitments. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 32(2), 129–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsdike, K., & O’Sullivan, G. (2022). Interpersonal gendered violence against adult women participating in sport: A scoping review. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2022.2116089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortier, K., Parent, S., & Lessard, G. (2020). Child maltreatment in sport: Smashing the wall of silence: A narrative review of physical, sexual, psychological abuses and neglect. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(1), 4–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hartill, M. (2005). Sport and the sexually abused male child. Sport, Education and Society, 10(3), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573320500254869
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, F., Smits, F., & Knoppers, A. (2017). ‘You don’t realise what you see!’: The institutional context of emotional abuse in elite youth sport. Sport in Society, 20(1), 126–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, R., & Kerr, G. (2020). Promoting athlete welfare: A proposal for an international surveillance system. Sport Management Review, 23(1), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby, S. L., Demers, G., & Parent, S. (2008). Vulnerability/Prevention: Considering the needs of disabled and gay athletes in the context of sexual harassment and abuse. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(4), 407–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2008.9671882
   Google Scholar
• Knoppers, A., & McLachlan, F. (2018). Reflecting on the use of feminist theories in sport management research. In L. Mansfield, J. caudwell, B. Wheaton, & B. Watson (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of feminism and sport, leisure and physical education (pp. 163–179).
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald, C. A. (2014). Masculinity and sport revisited: A review of literature on hegemonic masculinity and men’s ice hockey in Canada. Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology, 3(1), 95–112. https://doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc.v3i1.3764
   Google Scholar
• McFerran, K. S., Garrido, S., & Saarikallio, S. (2016). A critical interpretive synthesis of the literature linking music and adolescent mental health. Youth & Society, 48(4), 521–538. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X13501343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mountjoy, M. (2019). Only by speaking out can we create lasting change’: What can we learn from the dr Larry Nassar tragedy? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(1), 57–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mountjoy, M., Brackenridge, C., Arrington, M., Blauwet, C., Carska-Sheppard, A., Fasting, K., Kirby, S., Leahy, T., Marks, S., Martin, K., Starr, K., Tiivas, A., & Budgett, R. (2016). International Olympic Committee consensus statement: Harassment and abuse (non-accidental violence) in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(17), 1019–1029. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mountjoy, M., Rhind, D. J., Tiivas, A., & Leglise, M. (2015). Safeguarding the child athlete in sport: A review, a framework and recommendations for the IOC youth athlete development model. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(13), 883–886. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health, Office of Research on Women’s Health. (n.d.). Sex and gender. https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender
   Google Scholar
• Neves, C. M., Filgueiras Meireles, J. F., Berbert de Carvalho, P. H., Schubring, A., Barker-Ruchti, N., & Caputo Ferreira, M. E. (2017). Body dissatisfaction in women’s artistic gymnastics: A longitudinal study of psychosocial indicators. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(17), 1745–1751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novkov, J. (2019). Law, policy, and sexual abuse in the# MeToo movement: USA gymnastics and the agency of minor athletes. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 40(1), 42–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, M. C., Pimenta, N., Resende, R., & Malcom, D. (2014). Gymnastics and child abuse: An analysis of former international Portuguese female artistic gymnasts. Sport, Education & Society, 19(4), 435–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risman, B. J. (2004). Gender as a social structure: Theory wrestling with activism. Gender & Society, 18(4), 429–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243204265349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risman, B. J. (2018). Gender as a social structure. In B. J. Risman, C. M. Froyum, & W. J. Scarborough (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of gender (pp. 19–43). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, V., Sojo, V., & Grant, F. (2020). Organisational factors and non-accidental violence in sport: A systematic review. Sport Management Review, 23(1), 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, J. (1996). Little girls in pretty boxes: The making and breaking of elite gymansts and figure skaters. Grand Central Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Salim, J., & Winter, S. (2022). “I still wake up with nightmares” the long-term psychological impacts from gymnasts’ maltreatment experiences. Sport, Exercise, & Performance Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarborough, W. J., & Risman, B. J. (2017). Changes in the gender structure: Inequality at the individual, interactional and macro dimensions. Sociology Compass, 11(10), e12515. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12515
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smits, F., Jacobs, F., & Knoppers, A. (2016). ‘Everything revolves around gymnastics’ how elite athletes and their parents make sense of practices in women’s gymnastics that challenges a positive pedagogical culture. Sports in Society, 20(1), 66–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, C., & Barker-Ruchti, N. (2021) Bodies of change: Women’s artistic gymnastics in Tokyo. https://olympicanalysis.org/section-3/bodies-of-change-womens-artistic-gymnastics-in-tokyo-2021/
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, C., Schiavon, L., & Bellotto, M. (2015). Knowledge, nutrition and coaching pedagogy: A perspective from Brazilian Olympic gymnasts. Sport, Education & Society, 22(4), 511–527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirling, A. E. (2009). Definition and constituents of maltreatment in sport: Establishing a conceptual framework for research practitioners. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(14), 1091–1099. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.051433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirling, A. E., Cruz, L. C., & Kerr, G. A. (2012). Influence of retirement on body satisfaction and weight control behaviors: Perceptions of elite rhythmic gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(2), 129–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, A., Flemming, K., McInnes, E., Oliver, S., & Craig, J. (2012). Enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research: ENTREQ. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 12(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-12-181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations. (1993). Declaration on the elimination of violence against women. UN.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (n.d.). International day of the Girl Child 11 October. https://www.un.org/en/observances/girl-child-day
   Google Scholar
• Weber, J., & Barker-Ruchti, N. (2012). Bending, floating, flirting, flying: A critical analysis of 1970s gymnastics photographs. Sport Sociology Journal, 29(1), 22–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1(2), 125–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte, A. (2022). The Whyte review: An independent investigation commissioned by Sport England and UK Sport following allegations of mistreatment within the sport of gymnastics. Sport England. https://sportengland-production-files.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2022-08/The%20Whyte%20Review%20Final%20Report%20of%20Anne%20Whyte.pdf?VersionId=fizNx7wABnsdz5GRldCKl6m6bYcIAqBb
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. (n.d.). Gender and health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/gender#tab=tab_1
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, Y., & Watson, M. (2019). Guidance on conducting a systematic literature review. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 39(1), 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X17723971
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar