Anthropocene environmental change in an overlooked South African lake: Mountain Lake, Matatiele, Eastern Cape

REFERENCES

• Abarca, N., Jahn, R., Zimmerman, J. & Enke, N. 2014. Does the cosmopolitan diatom Gomphonema parvulum (Kutzing) Kutzing have a biogeography? PLoS One 9: e86885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleby, P.G. 2001. Chronostratigraphic techniques in recent sediments. In Last, W.N., Smol, J.P. (Eds.) Tracking Environmental Change through Lake Sediments. vol. 1. Basin Analysis, Coring and Chronological Techniques. Dordrecht, Kluwer. pp. 171–203.
   Google Scholar
• Appleby, P.G., Richardson, N. & Nolan, P.J. 1992. Self-absorption corrections for well-type germanium detectors. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B - Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 71, 228–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awofolu, R.O. & Fatoki, O.S. 2003. Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in freshwater systems and sediments from the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Water SA 29: 323–e330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, J.S., Driscoll, C.T., Stoddard, J.L. & Richer, E.E. 2011. Empirical critical loads of atmospheric nitrogen deposition for nutrient enrichment and acidification of sensitive US lakes. BioScience 61: 602–613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battarbee, R.W., Grytnes, J.A., Thompson, R., Appleby, P.G., Catalan, J., Korhola, A., Birks, H.J.B., Heegaard, E. & Lami, A. 2002. Comparing palaeolimnological and instrumental evidence of climate change for remote mountain lakes over the last 200 years. Journal of Paleolimnology 28: 161–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battarbee, R.W., Jones, V.J., Flower, R.J., Cameron, N.G., Bennion, H. & Carvalho, L. 2001. Diatoms. In Smol, J.P., Birks, H.J.B. & Last, W.M. (Eds.), Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments, vol 3. Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators. Dordrecht, Kluwer. pp. 155–202.
   Google Scholar
• Bencko, V. & Foong, F.Y.L. 2017. The History of Arsenical Pesticides and Health Risks Related to the Use of Agent Blue. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 24, 312–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bindraban, P.S., Dimkpa, C., Nagarajan, L., Roy, A. & Rabbinge, R. 2015. Revisiting fertilisers and fertilisation strategies for improved nutrient uptake by plants. Biology and Fertility of Soils 51: 897–911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birdlife International. 2015. Matatiele Nature Reserve – Birdlife South Africa. https://www.birdlife.org.za/iba-directory/matatiele-nature-reserve/ (accessed 27 July 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Birdlife International. 2022. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Matatiele Nature Reserve. http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/matatiele-nature-reserve-iba-south-africa/details (accessed 27 July 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Buah-Kwofie, A. & Humphries, M.S. 2017. The distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Ecological risks and implications for conservation in a biodiversity hotspot. Environmental Pollution 229: 715–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalan, J., Curtis, C. J. & Kernan, M. 2009. Remote European mountain lake ecosystems: regionalization and ecological status. Freshwater Biology 54: 2419–2432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalan, J., Pla-Rabes, S., Wolfe, A.P., Smol, J.P., Ruhland, K.M., Anderson, N.J., Kopacek, J., Stuchlik, E., Schmidt, R., Koinig, K.A., Camarero, L., Flower, R.J., Heiri, O., Kamenik, C., Korhola, A., Leavitt, P.R., Psenner, R. & Renberg, I. 2013. Global change revealed by palaeolimnological records from remote lakes: a review. Journal of Paleolimnology 49: 513–535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalan, J., Ventura, M., Brancelj, A., et al. 2002. Seasonal ecosystem variability in remote mountain lakes: implications for detecting climatic signals in sediment records. Journal of Paleolimnology 28: 25–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, G. 2014. Methoxychlor. In Wexler P. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition). Cambridge MA, Academic Press. pp. 254–255.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Changan, L., McGowan, S. & Yang, X. 2014. Diatom response to heavy metal pollution and nutrient enrichment in an urban lake: evidence from paleolimnology. Annales de Limnologie – International Journal of Limnology, 121–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C.-W., Kao, C.-M., Chen, C.-F. & Dong, C.-D. 2007. Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Chemosphere 66: 1431–1440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis, C.J., Battarbee, R.W., Monteith, D.T. & Shilland, E.M. 2014. The future of upland water ecosystems of the UK in the 21st Century: a synthesis. Ecological Indicators 37B, 412–430.
   Google Scholar
• Curtis, C.J., Juggins, S., Clarke, G., Battarbee, R.W., Kernan, M., Catalan, J., Thompson, R. & Posch, M. 2009. Regional influence of acid deposition and climate change in European mountain lakes assessed using diatom transfer functions. Freshwater Biology 54: 2555–2572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, S.K., Routh, J., Roychoudhury, A.N. & Klump, J.V. 2008. Major and trace element geochemistry in Zeekoevlei, South Africa: A lacustrine record of present and past processes. Applied Geochemistry 23: 2496–2511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean Jr, W.E. 1974. Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition: comparison with other methods. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 44: 242–248.
   Google Scholar
• Dunnink, J.A., Curtis, C.J., Beukes, J.P., van Zyl, P.G. & Swartz, J. 2016. The sensitivity of afromontane tarns in the Drakensberg region of South Africa and Lesotho to atmospheric pollution. African Journal of Aquatic Science 41: 413–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DWS (2019) National Water and Sanitation Master Plan. Volume 1: A Call to Action. Version 10.1. Department of Water and Sanitation, Republic of South Africa, 403pp. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201911/national-water-and-sanitation-master-plandf.pdf (accessed 10 September 2022)
   Google Scholar
• Ekengele, L.N., Blaise, A. & Jung, M.C. 2017. Accumulation of heavy metals in surface sediments of Lere Lake, Chad. Geosciences Journal 21: 305–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Rodríguez, F., Anderson, C.R. & Adams, J.B. 2007. Paleolimnological assessment of human impacts on an urban South African lake. Journal of Paleolimnology 38, 297–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GCRO. 2019. Water Security Perspective for the Gauteng City-Region: Securing water for continued growth and well being. A report prepared for Gauteng Provincial Government by Gauteng City-Region Observatory, Johannesburg, South Africa, 57 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gomez, N., Riera, J.L. & Sabater, S. 1995. Ecology and morphological variability of Aulacoseira granulata (Bacillariophyceae) in Spanish reservoirs. Journal of Plankton Research 17: 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiri, O., Lotter, A.F. & Lemcke, G. 2001. Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology 25: 101–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitch, R.K. & Day, H.R. 1992. Unusual persistence of DDT in some western USA soils. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 48, 259e264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbs, W.O., Telford, R.J., Birks, H.J.B., Saros, J.E., Hazewinkel, R.O., Perren, B.P., Saulnier-Talbot, É. & Wolfe, A.P. 2010. Quantifying recent ecological changes in remote lakes of North America and Greenland using sediment diatom assemblages. PLoS One 5 (4), e10026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juggins, S. 2007. C2 version 1.5 User Guide. Software for ecological and palaeoecological data analysis and visualisation. Newcastle upon Tyne: Newcastle University. 73 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Kilham, S.S. & Kilham, P. 1975. Melosira granulata (Her.) Ralfs: morphology and ecology of a cosmopolitan freshwater diatom. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie 19, 2716–2721.
   Google Scholar
• Krammer, K. & Lange-Bertalot, H. 1986. Süsswasserflora von Mitterleuropa. Bacillariophyceae. 1. Teil: Naviculaceae, Vol 2/1. Stuttgart, Gustav Fisher Verlag. 876 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Krammer, K. & Lange-Bertalot, H. 1988. Süsswasserflora von Mitterleuropa. Bacillariophyceae. 2. Teil: Epithemiaceae, Bacillariaceae, Surirellaceae, Vol 2/2. Stuttgart, Gustav Fisher Verlag. 596 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Krammer, K. & Lange-Bertalot, H. 1991a. Süsswasserflora von Mitterleuropa: Bacillariophyceae 3. Teil: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Vol 2/3. Stuttgart, Gustav Fisher Verlag. 76 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Krammer, K. & Lange-Bertalot, H. 1991b. Süsswasserflora von Mitterleuropa: Bacillariophyceae 4. Teil Achnanthaceae, Vol 2/4. Stuttgart, Gustav Fisher Verlag. 437 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Le Maitre, D.C., Seyler, H., Holland, M., Smith-Adao, L., Nel, J.L., Maherry, A. & Witthüser, K. 2018. Identification, Delineation and Importance of the Strategic Water Source Areas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland for Surface Water and Groundwater. Report No. TT 743/1/18. Pretoria, Water Research Commission, 69 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone, D.M. 2005. Anthropogenic influences on the environmental status of remote mountain lakes. Aquatic Sciences 67: 221–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Y. & Hooda, P.S. 2010. Chromium, nickel and cobalt. In Hooda, P.S. (Ed.) Trace elements in soils. Chichester, Wiley. pp. 461–480.
   Google Scholar
• Matatiele Local Municipality. 2022. Adopted Integrated Development Plan (IDP), 2022-2027. Matatiele, Eastern Cape, 313pp. https://www.matatiele.gov.za/documents/draft-integrated-development-plan-idp-2022-2027/ (accessed 27 July 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Meteoblue (2023). https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/matatiele_south-africa_978327 (accessed 23 January 2023)
   Google Scholar
• Mompati, M.K., Piketh, S.J., Aas, W., van Zyl, P.G., Pienaar, J.J. & Curtis, C.J. 2022. Rainwater chemistry and total acidity deposition fluxes from the northern savanna to the southern coastal fynbos of South Africa. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 233: 275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motebo, T. 2013. Game translocation to Matatiele Nature Reserve. Environment Quarterly, July–Sept 2013. Pretoria, Department of Environmental Affairs. pp. 13–14.
   Google Scholar
• Mueller, D.R., van Hove, P., Antoniades, D., Jeffries, M.O. & Vincent, W.F. 2009. High Arctic lakes as sentinel ecosystems: cascading regime shifts in climate, ice cover, and mixing. Limnology and Oceanography 54: 2371–2385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2000. Report of Investigation: Reference Material 8704 Buffalo River Sediment. Gaithersburg, MD, NIST, Department of Commerce, United States of America.
   Google Scholar
• Nel, J.L, Colvin, C., Le Maitre, D.C., Smith, J. & Haines, I. 2013. South Africa’s Strategic Water Source Areas. CSIR Report CSIR/NRE/ECOS/ER/2013/0031/A. Stellenbosch, CSIR, 27pp.
   Google Scholar
• Nollet, L.M.L. & Gelder, L.S.P.D. (Eds.) 2000. Handbook of Water Analysis (1st Edition). New York, CRC Press, 995 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Nriagu, J.O. 2002. Arsenic poisoning through the ages. In Frankenberger Jr., W.T. (Ed.) Environmental chemistry of arsenic. New York, Marcel Dekker. pp. 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Pla, S., Monteith, D., Flower, R. & Rose, N. 2009. The recent palaeolimnology of a remote Scottish loch with special reference to the relative impacts of regional warming and atmospheric contamination. Freshwater Biology 54: 505–523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psenner, R., Rosseland, B.O. & Sommaruga, R. 2002. Preface – Special Issue on High mountain lakes and streams. Water, Air and Soil Pollution: Focus 2(2), 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Renberg, I. & Hansson, H. 2008. The HTH sediment corer. Journal of Paleolimnology 40: 655–659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, B. 2014. A bathymetric and limnological assessment of the suitability of Lake Matatiele for palaeolimnological analysis. Unpublished Geography Honours project, Department of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 30pp.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, N.L. 1994. A note on further refinements to a procedure for the extraction of carbonaceous fly-ash particles from sediments. Journal of Paleolimnology 11: 201–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, N.L. 2008. Quality control in the analysis of lake sediments for spheroidal carbonaceous particles. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 6: 172–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, N.L., Milner, A.M., Fitchett, J.M., Langerman, K.E., Yang, H., Turner, S.D., Jourdan, A.-L., Shilland, J., Martins, C.C., de Souza, A.C. & Curtis, C.J. 2020. Natural archives of long-range transported contamination at the remote lake Letšeng-la Letsie, Maloti Mountains, Lesotho. Science of The Total Environment 737, 139642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, N.L., Turner, S.D., Unger, L.E. & Curtis, C.J. 2021. The chronostratigraphy of the Anthropocene in southern Africa: current status and potential. South African Journal of Geology 124: 1093–1106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saros, J.E., Michel, T.J., Interlandi, S.J. & Wolfe, A.P. 2005. Resource requirements of Asterionella formosa and Fragilaria crotonensis in oligotrophic alpine lakes: implications for recent phytoplankton community reorganizations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62: 1681–1689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindler, D.W. 2009. Lakes as sentinels and integrators for the effects of climate change on watersheds, airsheds and landscapes. Limnology and Oceanography 54: 2349–2358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šmilauer, P. & Lepš, J. 2014. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data using CANOCO 5. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. pp. 376.
   Google Scholar
• South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2006–2018. The Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Mucina, L., Rutherford, M.C. and Powrie, L.W. (Editors), Online, http://bgis.sanbi.org/Projects/Detail/186, Version 2018. (accessed 27 July 2022)
   Google Scholar
• Spaulding, S.A., Otu, M.K., Wolfe, A.P. & Baron, J.S. 2015. Paleolimnological Records of Nitrogen Deposition in Shallow, High-Elevation Lakes of Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 47, 703–717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacey, S.P., McLaughlin, M.J. & Hettiarachchi, G.M. 2010. Fertilizer-Borne Trace Element Contaminants in Soils. In Hooda, P.S. (Ed.) Trace elements in soils. Chichester, Wiley. pp.135–154.
   Google Scholar
• Stager, J.C., Hecky, R.E., Grzesik, D., Cumming, B.F. & Kling, H. 2009. Diatom evidence for the timing and causes of eutrophication in Lake Victoria, East Africa. Hydrobiologia 636: 463–478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sycholt, A. 2002. A guide to the Drakensberg. Cape Town, Struik. 200 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J.C., Harding, W.R., & Archibald, C.G.M. 2007. An illustrated guide to some common diatom species from South Africa. WRC Report TT 282/07, Pretoria, 225pp.
   Google Scholar
• van Den Berg, H. 2009. Global Status of DDT and Its Alternatives for Use in Vector Control to Prevent Disease. Environmental Health Perspectives 117, 1656-1663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN DER WAAL, B.C.W. 1997. Fundudzi, a unique, sacred and unknown South African lake. Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 23: 42–55.
   Google Scholar
• van Deventer, H., Smith-Adao, L., Collins, N.B., Grenfell, M., Grundling, A., Grundling, P-L., Impson, D., Job, N., Lötter, M., Ollis, D., Petersen, C., Scherman, P., Sieben, E., Snaddon, K., Tererai, F. & van der Colff, D. 2019. South African National Biodiversity Assessment 2018: Technical Report. Volume 2b: Inland Aquatic (Freshwater) Realm. CSIR report number CSIR/NRE/ECOS/IR/2019/0004/A. Pretoria, South African National Biodiversity Institute, 195pp.
   Google Scholar
• Waters, C.N., Zalasiewicz, J., Summerhayes, C., Barnosky, A.D., Poirier, C., Gałuszka, A., Cearreta, A., Edgeworth, M., Ellis, E.C., Ellis, M., Jeandel, C., Leinfelder, R., McNeill, J.R., Richter, D. Deb, Steffen, W., Syvitski, J., Vidas, D., Wagreich, M., Williams, M., Zhisheng, A., Grinevald, J., Odada, E., Oreskes, N. & Wolfe, A.P. 2016. The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene. Science 351, aad2622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, A.P., van Gorp, A.C. & Baron, J.S. 2003. Recent ecological and biogeochemical changes in alpine lakes of Rocky Mountain National Park (Colorado, USA): A response to anthropogenic nitrogen deposition. Geobiology 1, 153–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WR2012. 2015. Water Resources of South Africa, 2012 Study – Home. https://waterresourceswr2012.co.za/ (accessed 29 January 2023).
   Google Scholar
• Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C.N., Ellis, E.C., Head, M.J., Vidas, D., Steffen, W., Thomas, J.A., Horn, E., Summerhayes, C.P., Leinfelder, R., McNeill, J.R., Gałuszka, A., Williams, M., Barnosky, A.D., Richter, D. DE B., Gibbard, P.L., Syvitski, J., Jeandel, C., Cearreta, A., Cundy, A.B., Fairchild, I.J., Rose, N.L., Sul, J.A.I. DO, Shotyk, W., Turner, S., Wagreich, M. & Zinke, J. 2021. The Anthropocene: comparing its meaning in geology (chronostratigraphy) with conceptual approaches arising in other disciplines. Earth’s Future 9, e2020EF001896.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C.N., Williams, M., Barnosky, A.D., Cearreta, A., Crutzen, P., Ellis, E., Ellis, M.A., Fairchild, I.J., Grinevald, J., Haff, P.K., Hajdas, I., Leinfelder, R., McNeill, J., Odada, E.O., Poirier, C., Richter, D., Steffen, W., Summerhayes, C., Syvitski, J.P.M., Vidas, D., Wagreich, M., Wing, S.L., Wolfe, A.P., An, Z. & Oreskes, N. 2015. When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal. Quaternary International 383, 196–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar