The gypsylorist as occultist: anti-gypsy stereotypes and the entanglement of esotericism and scholarship in Charles Godfrey Leland’s work on ‘gypsy magic’

References

• About, Ilsen, and Anna Abakunova. 2016. The Genocide and Persecution of Roma and Sinti: Bibliography and Historiographical Review. International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance; Austrian Federal Ministry of Education and Women’s Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Acton, Thomas A. 2016. “Scientific Racism, Popular Racism and the Discourse of the Gypsy Lore Society.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 39 (7): 1187–1204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albanese, Catherine. 2007. A Republic of Mind and Spirit: A Cultural History of American Metaphysical Religion. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alvarado, Denise. 2013. Gypsy Wisdom, Spells, Charms, and Folklore. Saint Johns, AZ: Creole Moon Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, Ruth Elaine. 1987. A Subtle Craft in Several Worlds: Performance and Participation in Romani Fortune-Telling. PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
   Google Scholar
• Asprem, Egil. 2008. “Magic Naturalized? Negotiating Science and Occult Experience in Crowley’s ‘Scientific Illuminism’.” Aries 8 (2): 139–165.
   Google Scholar
• Asprem, Egil. 2014. The Problem of Disenchantment: Scientific Naturalism and Esoteric Discourse, 1900–1939. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Asprem, Egil, and Sebastian Casinge. 2022. “The Trickster and the Witch: On the Romani Origins of ‘Captain Elin’s Idol’.” Arv: Nordic Yearbook of Folklore 78: 7–39.
   Google Scholar
• Asprem, Egil. In press. “On the Social Organization of Rejected Knowledge: Reassessing the Sociology of the Occult.” In Esotericism and Deviance, edited by Manon Hedenborg White, and Tim Rudbøg. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Barnum, P. T. 1866. The Humbugs of the World. London: John Camden Hotten.
   Google Scholar
• Barth, Fredrik, ed. 1969. “Introduction.” In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Cultural Difference, 9–38. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Bataillard, Paul. 1889. “Beginnings of the Immigration of the Gypsies Into Western Europe in the Fifteenth Century–Continued.” Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society 1 (6): 324–344.
   Google Scholar
• Borrow, George. 1841. The Zincali; or, and Account of the Gypsies of Spain. 2 Vols. London: John Murray.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, Ethel, Colin Clark, and Iulius Rostas. 2022. “Engaging with Decolonisation, Tackling Antigypsyism: Lessons from Teaching Romani Studies at the Central European University in Hungary.” Social Policy and Society 21 (1): 68–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckland, Raymond. 2010. Buckland’s Book of Gypsy Magic: Travelers’ Stories, Spells, & Healings. San Francisco, CA: Weiser Books.
   Google Scholar
• Clodd, E. 1895. “A Reply to the Foregoing ‘Protest’.” Folklore 6 (3): 248–258.
   Google Scholar
• Coy, Jason Philip. 2020. The Devil’s Art: Divination and Discipline in Early Modern Germany. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cressy, David. 2018. Gypsies: An English History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, Sacha E. 2017. “Competitive Civilizing Missions: Hungarian Germans, Modernization, and Ethnographic Descriptions of the Zigeuner Before World War I.” Central European History 50 (1): 6–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decker, Ronald, Thierry Depaulis, and Michael Dummett. 1996. A Wicked Pack of Cards: The Origins of the Occult Tarot. London: Duckworth.
   Google Scholar
• Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers. 2020. EU Roma Strategic Framework for Equality, Inclusion and Participation for 2020-2030. Brussels: European Commission. https://commission.europa.eu/publications/new-eu-roma-strategic-framework-equality-inclusion-and-participation-full-package_en (accessed January 18, 2023).
   Google Scholar
• Dorson, Richard Mercer. 1968. The British Folklorists: A History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Doyle White, Ethan. 2016. Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dyer, Richard. 1999. “The Role of Stereotypes.” In Media Studies: A Reader, 2nd ed., edited by Paul Marris, and Sue Thornham, 206–212. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein Nord, Deborah. 2008. Gypsies and the British Imagination, 1807–1930. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, Angus. 1990. “A Rum Lot.” In 100 Years of Gypsy Studies, edited by Matt T. Salo, 1–14. Cheverly, MD: Gypsy Lore Society Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, Angus. 1992. The Gypsies. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, Angus. 1997. “Juridical Autonomy among Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Gypsies.” The American Journal of Comparative Law 45 (2): 291–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenschkowski, Marco. 2021. “The Science of Religion, Folklore Studies, and the Occult Field in Great Britain (1870–1914): Some Observations on Competition and Cain-Abel Conflicts.” In Occult Roots of Religious Studies: On the Influence of Non-Hegemonic Currents on Academia Around 1900, edited by Yves Mühlematter, and Helmut Zander, 44–81. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Gay y Blasco, Paloma. 2008. “Picturing ‘Gypsies’: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Roma Representation.” Third Text 22 (3): 297–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilsenbach, Reiner. 1997. Weltchronik der Zigeuner. 2000 Ereignisse aus der Geschichte der Roma und Sinti, der Gypsies und Gitanos und aller anderen Minderheiten, die “Zigeuner” genannt werden. 2. Korrigierte und ergäntzte Auflage. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Gomme, George Laurence, ed. 1887. The Handbook of Folklore. London: David Nutt.
   Google Scholar
• Grellmann, H. M. G. 1783. Die Zigeuner. Ein historischer Versuch über die Lebensart und Vervassung, Sitten und Schicksale dieses Volks im Europa, nebst ihrem Ursprunge. Dessau & Leipzig.
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, Ian. 2002. We Are the Romani People. Hatfield: Centre de recherches tsiganes / University of Helfordshire Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hanegraaff, Wouter J., with Antoine Faivre, Roelof van den Broek, and Jean-Pierre Brach (eds.). 2006. Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Hardinge Britten, Emma. 1876a. Ghost Land; or, Researches Into the Mysteries of Occultism. Boston: Editor.
   Google Scholar
• Hardinge Britten, Emma. 1876b. Art Magic. New York: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Hindes Groome, Francis. 1892. “The Influence of the Gypsies on the Superstitions of the English Folk.” In The International Folk-Lore Congress, 1891. Papers and Transactions, edited by Joseph Jacobs, and Alfred Nutt, 292–308. London: David Nutt.
   Google Scholar
• Hindes Groome, Francis. 1899. Gypsy Folk-Tales. London: Hurst and Blackett, Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Houghton-Walker, Sarah. 2014. Representations of the Gypsy in the Romantic Period. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hylland Eriksen, Thomas, and Marek Jakoubek, eds. 2019. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries Today: A Legacy of Fifty Years. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, Joseph, and Alfred Nutt, eds. 1892. The International Folk-Lore Congress, 1891. Papers and Transactions. London: David Nutt.
   Google Scholar
• James, Zoë. 2021. “Roma, Gypsies, and Travellers as a Community of Difference: Challenging Inclusivity as an Anti-Racist Approach.” Critical Romani Studies 4 (2): 142–162.
   Google Scholar
• Josephson-Storm, Jason. 2017. The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kenrick, Donald. 2004. “The Origins of Anti-Gypsyism: The Outsiders’ View of Romanies in Western Europe in the Fifteenth Century.” In The Role of the Romanies: Images and Counter-Images of ‘Gypsies’/Romanies in European Cultures, edited by N. Saul, and S. Tebbutt, 79–84. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kerner, Theobald. 1897. Das Kernerhaus und Seine Gäste. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, Andrew. 1895. “Protest of a Psycho-Folklorist.” Folkore 6 (3): 236–248.
   Google Scholar
• Law, Ian, and Martin Kovats. 2018. Rethinking Roma: Identities, Politicisation and New Agendas. London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Lecouteux, Claude. 2018. Dictionary of Gypsy Mythology: Charms, Rites, and Magical Traditions of the Roma. Translated by Jon E. Graham. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. [Originally published as Dictionnaire de Mythologie tzigane; Éditions Imago, 2016].
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Ken. 2000. “Orientalism and Gypsylorism.” Social Analysis 44 (2): 129–156.
   Google Scholar
• Leland, Charles Godfrey. 1856. The Poetry and Mystery of Dreams. Philadelphia: E. H. Butler & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Leland, Charles Godfrey. 1873. The English Gipsies and Their Language. New York: Hurd and Houghton.
   Google Scholar
• Leland, Charles Godfrey. 1882. The Gypsies. (LondonBoston, 1882): Houghton, Mifflin and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Leland, Charles Godfrey. 1884a. The Algonquin Legends of New England. Third Edition. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Leland, Charles Godfrey. 1884b. “The Edda among the Algonquin Indians”. The Atlantic Monthly 1884: 222–234.
   Google Scholar
• Leland, Charles Godfrey. 1889. The Breitmann Ballads. London: Trübner & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Leland, Charles Godfrey. 1891. Gypsy Sorcery and Fortune-Telling. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Leland, Charles Godfrey. 1892. Etruscan Roman Remains in Popular Tradition. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Leland, Charles Godfrey (Hans Breitmann). 1894. Memoirs. 2nd ed. London: William Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Leland, Charles Godfrey. 1895. Legends of Florence Collected from the People. 2 Vols. New York: Macmillan and Co.
   Google Scholar
• Leland, Charles Godfrey. 1899a. Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches. London: David Nutt.
   Google Scholar
• Leland, Charles Godfrey. 1899b. Have You a Strong Will? Or How to Develop Will-Power, or any Other Faculty or Attribute of the Mind, and Render it Habitual by the Easy Process of Self-Hypnotism. London: George Redway.
   Google Scholar
• Leland, Charles Godfrey. 1903. Have You a Strong Will? Or How to Develop Will-Power, or any Other Faculty or Attribute of the Mind, and Render it Habitual by the Easy Process of Self-Hypnotism. Enlarged Memorial Edition (With Additional Chapter on Paracelsus). London: Philip Wellby.
   Google Scholar
• Leland, Charles Godfrey. 1904. The Alternate Sex; or, the Female Intellect in Man, and the Masculine in Woman. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company.
   Google Scholar
• Leland, Charles Godfrey. 1962. Gypsy Sorcery and Fortune Telling. New York: University Books.
   Google Scholar
• Lévi, Eliphas. 1860. Histoire de la Magie. Paris: Germer Bailliére.
   Google Scholar
• Lippmann, Walter. 1922. Public Opinion. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Luckhurst, Roger. 2002. The Invention of Telepathy, 1870-1901. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• MacRitchie, David. 1889. “Preface.” Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society 1 (1): 1–2.
   Google Scholar
• MacRitchie, David. 1960 [1920]. “Gypsies.” In An Encyclopaedia of Occultism, edited by Lewis Spence, 197–200. New York: University Books.
   Google Scholar
• Magliocco, Sabina. 2002. “Who Was Aradia? The History and Development of a Legend.” The Pomegranate 18: 5–22.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, Adrian. 2008. “No Promised Land”: History, Historiography & the Origins of the Gypsies. PhD dissertation, University of Greenwich London.
   Google Scholar
• Marushiakova, Elena, and Vesselin Popov. 2017. “Orientalism in Romani Studies: The Case of Eastern Europe.” In Lanugages of Resistance: Ian Hancock’s Contribution to Romani Studies, edited by Hristo Kyuchukov, 187–237. Munich: LINCOM GmbH.
   Google Scholar
• Mathiesen, Robert. 1998. “Charles G. Leland and the Witches of Italy: The Origin of Aradia.” In Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, a New Translation, edited by Mario Pazzaglini and Dina Pazzaglini (eds., trans.), Charles G. Leland, 25–57. Blaine, WA: Phoenix Publishing Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Mathiessen, Robert. 2010. “Introduction.” In Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, edited by Charles Godfrey Leland, i–ix. Newport, RI: The Witches’ Almanac. Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Matras, Yaron. 2005. “Who Are the Gypsylorists?” Paper given at the Annual Meeting of the GLS, University of Granada, Spain, Sept. 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Matras, Yaron. 2017. “From Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society to Romani Studies: Purpose and Essence of a Modern Academic Platform.” Romani Studies 23 (2): 113–123.
   Google Scholar
• Mayall, David. 2004. Gypsy Identities 1500-2000: From Egipcyans and Moon-men to the Ethnic Romany. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Meehl, P. E. 1956. “Wanted – A Good Cookbook.” American Psychologist 11 (6): 263–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mróz, Lech. 2015. Roma-Gypsy Presence in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 15th–18th Centuries. Budapest: Central European University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mühlematter, Yves, and Helmut Zander, eds. 2021. Occult Roots of Religious Studies: On the Influence of Non-Hegemonic Currents on Academia Around 1900. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Okely, Judith. 1983. The Traveller Gypsies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, Alex. 2004. The Place of Enchantment: British Occultism and the Culture of the Modern. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Papus [Gerard Encausse]. 1889. Le Tarot des Bohémiens. Le Plus Ancien Livre du Monde. Paris: Ernest Flammarion.
   Google Scholar
• Pasi, Marco. 2006. “Occultism.” In Brill Dictionary of Religion, vol. III, edited by Kocku von Stuckrad, 1364–1368. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Patrut, Iulia-Karin. 2007. “Wlislocki’s Transylvanian ‘Gypsies’ and the Discourses on Aryanism Around 1900.” Romani Studies 17 (2): 181–204.
   Google Scholar
• Pennell, Elizabeth Robins. 1906. Charles Godfrey Leland. 2 Vols. Boston & New York: Haughton, Mifflin and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Pettit, Michael. 2013. The Science of Deception: Psychology and Commerce in America. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pokorny, Lukas, and Franz Winter, eds. 2021. The Occult Nineteenth Century: Roots, Developments, and Impact on the Modern World. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Pym, Richard. 2007. The Gypsies of Early Modern Spain, 1425–1783. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Ranking, D. F. de l’Hoste. 1908. “The Tarot.” Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (New Series) 2 (1): 14–37.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, Kristina. 2022. Roma in the Medieval Islamic World: Literacy, Culture, and Migration. London: I. B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Rid, Samuel. 1612. The Art of Iugling or Legerdemaine. London: Edward Allde for T. Bushell.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, David G. 2021. Gnosticism and the History of Religion. London: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Rüdiger, J. C. C. 1782. “Von der Sprache und Herkunft der Zigeuner aus Indien”. In idem, Neuster Zuwachs der teutschen fremden und allgemeinen Sprachkunde in eigenen Ausätzen, Bücheranzeigen und Nachrichten, Vol. 1, pp. 37-84. Leipzig.
   Google Scholar
• Sammons, Jeffrey L. 1998. “Charles Godfrey Leland and the English-Language Heine Edition.” Heine-Jahrbuch 1998: 140–167.
   Google Scholar
• Saul, Nicholas. 2007. Gypsies and Orientalism in German Literature and Anthropology of the Long Nineteenth Century. London: Modern Humanities Research Association and W. S. Maney & Sons Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Saul, Nicholas, and Susan Tebbutt. 2004. The Role of the Romanies: Images and Counter-Images of ‘Gypsies’/Romanies in European Cultures. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Selling, Jan. 2018. “Assessing the Historical Irresponsibility of the Gypsy Lore Society in Light of Romani Subaltern Challenges.” Critical Romani Studies Journal 1 (1): 44–61.
   Google Scholar
• Selling, Jan. 2022. Romani Liberation: A Northern Perspective on Emancipatory Struggles and Progress. Budapest: Central European University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Silver, Margery. 1962. “Introduction.” In Gypsy Sorcery and Fortune Telling, edited by Charles Godfrey Leland, v–xxiii. New York: University Books.
   Google Scholar
• Soulis, George C. 1961. “The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire and the Balkans in the Late Middle Ages.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 15: 141–165.
   Google Scholar
• Strube, Julian. 2017. “Occultist Identity Formation Between Theosophy and Socialism in fin-de-Siècle France.” Numen 64 (5-6): 568–595.
   Google Scholar
• Thomasius, Jacob. 1652. Dissertatio Philosophica de Cingaris. Lipsiæ [Leipzig]: Johann-Erici Hahnii.
   Google Scholar
• Trigg, Elwood B. 1973. Gypsy Demons and Divinities: The Magic and Religion of the Gypsies. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vaillant, Jean-Alexandre. 1857. Les Rômes: Histoire Vraie des Vrais Bohémiens. Paris: E. Dentu, Libraire-Éditeur.
   Google Scholar
• Willard, Thomas. 2016. “Hard Places: Paracelsian Neologisms and Early Modern Guides.” In Multilingualism in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: Communication and Miscommunication in the Premodern World, edited by Albrecht Classen, 168–188. Berlin: De Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Willems, Wim. 1997. In Search of the True Gypsy: From Enlightenment to Final Solution. London: Frank Cass.
   Google Scholar
• Wlislocki, Heinrich von. 1891. Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Zigeuner. Munster: Druck und Verlag der Aschendorffschen Buchhandlung.
   Google Scholar
• Znamenski, Andrei A. 2007. The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and the Western Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar