Successful Minority Representations on TV Count: A Quantitative Content Analysis Approach

References

• Avila-Saavedra, G. (2009). Nothing queer about queer television: Televized construction of gay masculinities. Media, Culture & Society, 31(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443708098243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, J. A., & Raney, A. A. (2021). Enjoyment of unoriginal characters: Individual differences in nostalgia-proneness and parasocial relationships. Mass Communication and Society, 24(5), 748–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2021.1916035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Ball, A. (Producer). (2001-2005). Six feet under [TV series]. Actual Size Films; The Greenblatt/Janollari Studio; HBO Entertainment.
   Google Scholar
• *Ball, A. (Producer). (2008-2014). True blood [TV series]. Your Face Goes Here Entertainment; HBO Entertainment.
   Google Scholar
• Banas, J. A., Bessarabova, E., & Massey, Z. B. (2020). Meta-analysis on mediated contact and prejudice. Human Communication Research, 46(2–3), 120–160. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqaa004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2009). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 94–124). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• *Barris, K. (Producer). (2014-2022). Black-ish [TV series]. ABC Signature; Wilmore Films; Khalabo Ink Society; Cinema Gypsy Productions; Principato-Young Entertainment; Artists First.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, E. (2016, May 2). This test measures how Hollywood treats LGBT characters. Time. https://time.com/4314240/vito-russo-test-lgbt-representation-film/
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, A. (2019, January 17). Sex Education: In praise of the raunchy yet heartfelt Netflix comedy. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/jan/17/sex-education-asa-butterfield-gillian-anderson-netflix
   Google Scholar
• Boyer, S. (2011). “Thou shalt not crave thy neighbor”: “True blood”, abjection, and otherness. Studies in Popular Culture, 33(2), 21–41. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23416382
   Google Scholar
• Capuzza, J. C., & Spencer, L. G. (2017). Regressing, progressing, or transgressing on the small screen? Transgender characters on US scripted television series. Communication Quarterly, 65(2), 214–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2016.1221438
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castle Bell, G., & Harris, T. M. (2017). Exploring representations of black masculinity and emasculation on NBC’s parenthood. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 10(2), 135–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2016.1142598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, A. (2016). ‘Fantastic bodies and where to find them’: Representational politics of queer bodies in popular media. Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 8(3), 213–220. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v8n3.22
   Google Scholar
• *Coogler, R. ( Director). (2013). Fruitvale station [ Movie]. Significant Productions.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. The University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1). http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8
   Google Scholar
• *Daniels, L., & Strong, D. ( Producers). (2015-2020). Empire [TV series]. Imagine Television; Lee Daniels Entertainment; Danny Strong Productions; Little Chicken Inc.; 20th Television.
   Google Scholar
• *De Wilde, S., Lories, J., Renders, B., Schelstraete, J., & Vaessen, B. ( Producers). (1999-2003). W817 [TV series]. VRT; Ketnet.
   Google Scholar
• Dhaenens, F. (2012). Gay male domesticity on the small screen: Queer representations of gay homemaking in six feet under and brothers & sisters. Popular Communication: The International Journal of Media and Culture, 10(3), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2012.682936
   Google Scholar
• Dhaenens, F. (2013). Teenage queerness: Negotiating heteronormativity in the representation of gay teenagers in glee. Journal of Youth Studies, 16(3), 304–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2012.718435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eguchi, S., Calafell, B. M., & Files-Thompson, N. (2014). Intersectionality and quare theory: Fantasizing African American male same-sex relationships in noah’s arc: Jumping the broom. Communication, Culture & Critique, 7(3), 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Farquhar, R., Finney, S. V., & Spears, V. ( Producers). (1996-2001). Moesha [TV series]. Regan Jon Productions; Saradipity Productions; Jump at the Sun Productions.
   Google Scholar
• *Fey, T., & Carlock, R. ( Producers). (2015-2019). Unbreakable kimmy schmidt [TV series]. Little Stranger Inc.; Bevel Gears; 3 Arts Entertainment; Universal Television.
   Google Scholar
• *Fogelman, D. (Producer). (2016-2022). This is us [TV series]. Rhode Island Ave. Productions; Zaftig Films; 20th Television.
   Google Scholar
• GLAAD. (2021). Where are we on TV report 2020. https://www.glaad.org/whereweareontv20
   Google Scholar
• Gwet, K. L. (2008). Computing inter-rater reliability and its variance in the presence of high agreement. The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 61(1), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711006X126600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwet, K. L. (2011). On Krippendorff’s alpha coefficient. http://www.bwgriffin.com/gsu/courses/edur9131/content/onkrippendorffalpha.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hoffner, C., & Buchanan, M. (2005). Young adults’ wishful identification with television characters: The role of perceived similarity and character attributes. Media Psychology, 7(4), 325–351. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0704_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, R. L. (2006). Scripting the black masculine body: Identity, discourse, and racial politics in popular media. Suny Press.
   Google Scholar
• *Katims, J. (Producer). (2010-2015). Parenthood [TV series]. True Jack Productions; Imagine Television; Universal Media Studios; Universal Television.
   Google Scholar
• Kerrigan, P. (2021). After marriage: The assimilation, representation, and diversification of LGBTQ lives on Irish television. Television & New Media, 22(1), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476420976122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerrigan, P., & Vanlee, F. (2020). Public service broadcasting and the emergence of LGBT+ visibility: A comparative perspective on Ireland and Flanders. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 25(1), 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420935893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konijn, E. A., & Hoorn, J. F. (2005). Some like it bad: Testing a model for perceiving and experiencing fictional characters. Media Psychology, 7(2), 107–144. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0702_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens, E., & Póvoa, D. (2017). How to get away with colour: Colour-blindness and the myth of a postracial America in American television series. Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, 13(13), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.33178/alpha.13.07
   Google Scholar
• Martin, A. L., Jr. (2015). Scripting black gayness: Television authorship in black-cast sitcoms. Television & New Media, 16(7), 648–663. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476414560443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittell, J. (2015). Complex TV: The poetics of contemporary television storytelling. New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• *Murphy, R., Falchuk, B., & Brennan, I. ( Producers). (2009-2015). Glee [TV series]. Brad Falchuk Teley-Vision; Ryan Murphy Productions; 20th Century Fox Television.
   Google Scholar
• *Mutchnick, M., & Koha, D. ( Producers). (1998-2006). Will & Grace [TV series]. KoMut Entertainment 3 Sisters Entertainment; NBC Studios; NBCUniversal Television Studio.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Group. (2020). #Representation matters. Content as a mirror to culture. https://assets.ctfassets.net/0o6s67aqvwnu/59RCflKXRC6P6JYxba07tt/af575c2cc81e4fc5601acd02bcc2ce09/NRG_RepresentationMattersReport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Newman-Bremang, K. (2021, September 25). If your “diverse” teen show isn’t giving what sex education gives, I don’t want it. Refinery29. https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2021/09/10690960/whats-good-sex-education-season-3-teen-tv-netflix-2
   Google Scholar
• *Nowalk, P. (Producer). (2014-2020). How to get away with murder [TV series]. Shondaland; NoWalk Entertainment; ABC Studios.
   Google Scholar
• *Nunn, L. (Producer). (2019 -present). Sex education [TV series]. Eleven Film.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, K. M., Sadika, B., Sameen, D. E., Morrison, T. G., & Morrison, M. A. (2020). Humanizing lesbian characters on television: Exploring their characterization and interpersonal relationships. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 24(4), 395–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/10894160.2019.1678935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Phelan, J. (Producer). (2017 -present). Striking out [TV series]. Bl!nder F!lms.
   Google Scholar
• *Polk, P. ( Director). (2008). Noah’s Arc: Jumping the broom [ Movie]. New Open Door Productions; Blueprint Entertainment.
   Google Scholar
• Raley, A. B., & Lucas, J. L. (2006). Stereotype or success? Prime-time television’s portrayals of gay male, lesbian, and bisexual characters. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(2), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v51n02_02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Roddenberry, G. (Producer). (1966-1969). Star Trek: The original series [TV series]. Desilu Productions; Paramount Television; Norway Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Rotten Tomatoes (n.d.). Sex Education (2019). Fandango Media. https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/sex_education
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz, R. S., & Cirugeda, I. L. (2019). Examining racial taboo through x-phemism in the TV show black-ish. Atlantis Journal of the Spanish Association for Anglo-American Studies, 41(1), 143–161. https://doi.org/10.28914/Atlantis-2019-41.1.08
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, D. (2005). Ellen degenarrated: Breaking the heteronormative narrative contract. In G. Allrath & M. Gymnich (Eds.), Narrative strategies in television series (pp. 168–187). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230501003_9
   Google Scholar
• Smith-Frigerio, S. (2018). Intersectionality of race, class and gender: The complex representation of bipolar disorder on fox network’s empire. Howard Journal of Communications, 29(4), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2017.1407720
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. L., Pieper, K., Choueiti, M., Yao, K., & Case, A. (2021). Inclusion in Netflix original U.S. Scripted series & films. USC Annenberg inclusion initiative. http://assets.uscannenberg.org/docs/aii-inclusion-netflix-study.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Stamps, D. (2019). Fruitvale Station: A humanistic and vulnerable glimpse into Black masculinities. In J. Hamlet (Ed.), Films as rhetorical texts: Cultivating discussion about race, racism and race relations (pp. 117–136). Lexington Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stamps, D. (2021). B(l)ack by popular demand: An analysis of positive black male characters in television and audiences’ community cultural wealth. The Journal of Communication Inquiry, 45(2), 97–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859920924388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, T. (2020). Gay male characters on TV. In K. Roos (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of gender, media, and communication (pp. 1–8). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119429128.iegmc152
   Google Scholar
• Tukachinsky, R., Mastro, D., & Yarchi, M. (2015). Documenting portrayals of race/ethnicity on primetime television over a 20-year span and their association with national-level racial/ethnic attitudes. The Journal of Social Issues, 7(1), 17–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12094
   Google Scholar
• Tukachinsky, R., Walter, N., & Saucier, C. J. (2020). Antecedents and effects of parasocial relationships: A meta-analysis. Journal of Communication, 70(6), 868–894. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqaa034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanlee, F., Dhaenens, F., & Van Bauwel, S. (2018). Understanding queer normality: LGBT+ representations in millennial Flemish television fiction. Television & New Media, 19(7), 610–625. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476417748431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanlee, F., Dhaenens, F., & Van Bauwel, S. (2020). LGBT+ televisibility in Flanders: The presence of sexual and gender diversity in Flemish television fiction (2001-2016). DiGeSt: Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies, 7(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/10.21825/digest.v7i1.16507
   Google Scholar
• Wong, N. C., Massey, Z. B., Barbarti, J. L., Bessarabova, E., & Banas, J. A. (2022). Theorizing prejudice reduction via mediated intergroup contact: Extending the intergroup contact theory to media contexts. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 34(2), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000338
   Google Scholar
• Żerebecki, B. G., Opree, S. J., Hofhuis, J., & Janssen, S. (2021). Can TV shows promote acceptance of sexual and ethnic minorities? A literature review of television effects on diversity attitudes. Sociology Compass, 15(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12906
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Żerebecki, B. G., Opree, S. J., Hofhuis, J., & Janssen, S. (in press). Recognizing the similarities and appreciating the differences? Content choices and perceived (dis)similarity with TV show characters among youth. Psychology of Popular Media. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000465
   Google Scholar