724
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Declining but not (yet) threatened: a challenge for avian conservation in Australia

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 123-145 | Received 05 Jun 2023, Accepted 09 Oct 2023, Published online: 11 Feb 2024

References

  • Abbott, I. (2008). Historical perspectives of the ecology of some conspicuous vertebrate species in south-west Western Australia. Conservation Science Western Australia 6, 1–214.
  • Attwood, S. J., Park, S. E., Maron, M., Collard, S. J., Robinson, D., Reardon-Smith, K. M., and Cockfield, G. (2009). Declining birds in Australian agricultural landscapes may benefit from aspects of the European agri-environment model. Biological Conservation 142, 1981–1991. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.008
  • Baker, D. J., Freeman, S. N., Grice, P. V., and Siriwardena, G. M. (2012). Landscape‐scale responses of birds to agri‐environment management: A test of the English Environmental Stewardship scheme. Journal of Applied Ecology 49, 871–882. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02161.x
  • Baker, D. J., Garnett, S. T., O’Connor, J., Ehmke, G., Clarke, R. H., Woinarski, J. C., and McGeoch, M. A. (2019). Conserving the abundance of nonthreatened species. Conservation Biology 33, 319–328. doi:10.1111/cobi.13197
  • Barrett, G., Ford, H. A., and Recher, H. (1994). Conservation of woodland birds in a fragmented rural landscape. Pacific Conservation Biology 1, 245–256. doi:10.1071/PC940245
  • Barrett, G., Silcocks, A., and Cunningham, R. (2002). Australian Bird Atlas (1998–2001) supplementary report No. 1 - comparison of Atlas 1 (1977–1981) and Atlas 2 (1998–2001). Birds Australia, Melbourne.
  • Bayraktarov, E., Ehmke, G., Tulloch, A. I., Chauvenet, A. L., Avery‐Gomm, S., McRae, L., et al. (2021). A threatened species index for Australian birds. Conservation Science and Practice 3, e322. doi:10.1111/csp2.322
  • Bennett, V. A., Doerr, V. A. J., Doerr, E. D., Manning, A. D., Lindenmayer, D. B., and Yoon, H.-J. (2013). Causes of reintroduction failure of the brown treecreeper: Implications for ecosystem restoration. Austral Ecology 38, 700–712. doi:10.1111/aec.12017
  • Bennett, A. F., and Ford, L. A. (1997). Land use, habitat change and the conservation of birds in fragmented rural environments: A landscape perspective from the northern Plains, Victoria, Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 3, 244–261. doi:10.1071/PC970244
  • Bennett, J. M., Nimmo, D. G., Clarke, R. H., Thomson, J. R., Cheers, G., Horrocks, G. F., et al. (2014). Resistance and resilience: Can the abrupt end of extreme drought reverse avifaunal collapse? Diversity and Distributions 20, 1321–1332. doi:10.1111/ddi.12230
  • BirdLife Australia (2022). ‘Working list of Australian birds.’ Available at https://birdata.birdlife.org.au/whats-in-a-name.
  • Bounds, J., Davey, C., Taws, N., Evans, M. J., and Rayner, L. (2021). ‘Long-Term Trends in ACT Woodland Birds 1998 – 2019.’ (Canberra Ornithologists Group: Canberra, ACT.)
  • Braby, M. F., Yeates, D. K., and Taylor, G. S. (2021). Population declines and the conservation of insects and other terrestrial invertebrates in Australia. Austral Entomology 60, 3–8. doi:10.1111/aen.12519
  • Brooker, L., and Brooker, M. G. (2002). Dispersal and population dynamics of the blue-breasted fairy-wren, Malurus pulcherrimus, in fragmented habitat in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Wildlife Research 29, 225–233. doi:10.1071/WR01113
  • Brown, S., Clarke, M., and Clarke, R. (2009). Fire is a key element in the landscape-scale habitat requirements and global population status of a threatened bird: The Mallee Emu-wren (Stipiturus mallee). Biological Conservation 142, 432–445. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.11.005
  • Burbidge, A., Johnson, K., Fuller, P., and Southgate, R. (1988). Aboriginal knowledge of the mammals of the central deserts of Australia. Australian Wildlife Research 15, 9–39. doi:10.1071/WR9880009
  • Cahir, F., Clark, I. D., and Clarke, P. A. (2018). ‘Aboriginal Biocultural Knowledge in South-Eastern Australia. Perspectives of Early Colonists.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Australia.)
  • Callaghan, C. T., Rowley, J. J. L., Cornwell, W. K., Poore, A. G. B., and Major, R. E. (2019). Improving big citizen science data: Moving beyond haphazard sampling. PLoS Biology 17, e3000357. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000357
  • Catterall, C. P., Cousin, J. A., Piper, S., and Johnson, G. (2010). Long‐term dynamics of bird diversity in forest and suburb: Decay, turnover or homogenization? Diversity and Distributions 16, 559–570. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00665.x
  • Clarke, P. A. (2016). Birds as totemic beings and creators in the lower Murray, South Australia. Journal of Ethnobiology 36, 277–293. doi:10.2993/0278-0771-36.2.277
  • Clemens, R., Driessen, J., and Ehmke, G. (2019). Australian Bird Index Phase 2 – Developing Waterbird Indices for National Reporting. Unpublished report for the Department of the Environment, BirdLife Australia, Melbourne.
  • Clemens, R. S., Rogers, D. I., Hansen, B. D., Gosbell, K., Minton, C. D. T., Straw, P., et al. (2016). Continental-scale decreases in shorebird populations in Australia. Emu-Austral Ornithology 116, 119–135. doi:10.1071/MU15056
  • Conole, L. (2002). Local extinction and decline of birds in a woodland remnant at Inverleigh, Victoria. Corella 26, 41–46.
  • Cunningham, R. B., Lindenmayer, D. B., Crane, M., Michael, D. R., Barton, P. S., Gibbons, P., et al. (2014). The law of diminishing returns: Woodland birds respond to native vegetation cover at multiple spatial scales and over time. Diversity and Distributions 20, 59–71. doi:10.1111/ddi.12145
  • Date, E., Ford, H. A., and Recher, H. (2002). Impacts of logging, fire and grazing regimes on bird species assemblages of the Pilliga woodlands of New South Wales. Pacific Conservation Biology 8, 177–195. doi:10.1071/PC020177
  • de la Fuente, A., Navarro, A., and Williams, S. E. (2023). The climatic drivers of long-term population changes in rainforest montane birds. Global Change Biology 29, 2132–2140. doi:10.1111/gcb.16608
  • Donald, P. F., Green, R., and Heath, M. (2001). Agricultural intensification and the collapse of Europe’s farmland bird populations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 268, 25–29.
  • Egan, K., Farrell, J., and Pepper-Edwards, D. (1997). Historical and seasonal changes in the community of forest birds at Longneck Lagoon Nature Reserve, Scheyville, New South Wales. Corella 21, 1–15.
  • Ehmke, G., Cunningham, R., O’Connor, J., Garnett, S., Lau, J., and Herman, K. (2015). ‘State of Australia’s birds (Including supplementary reports for East Coast, Eastern Mallee, South East and Arid Zone).’ (BirdLife Australia: Melbourne.)
  • Ellis, M., and Taylor, J. (2014). After the 2010 rains: Changes in reporting rates of birds in remnant woodland vegetation in the central wheatbelt of New South Wales, Australia, from drought to post-drought. Australian Zoologist 37, 29–39. doi:10.7882/AZ.2014.007
  • Ford, H. A. (2011). The causes of decline of birds of eucalypt woodlands: Advances in our knowledge over the last 10 years. Emu 111, 1–9. doi:10.1071/MU09115
  • Ford, H. A., Barrett, G. W., Saunders, D. A., and Recher, H. F. (2001). Why have birds in the woodlands of southern Australia declined? Biological Conservation 97, 71–88. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00101-4
  • Ford, H. A., and Howe, R. W. (1980). The future of birds in the Mount Lofty Ranges. South Australian Ornithologist 28, 85–89.
  • Ford, H. A., and Paton, D. C. (Eds.) 1986. ‘The Dynamic Partnership: Birds and Plants in Southern Australia.’ (DJ Woolman, Government Printer: South Australia.)
  • Ford, H. A., Walters, J. R., Cooper, C. B., Debus, S. J., and Doerr, V. A. (2009). Extinction debt or habitat change? – Ongoing losses of woodland birds in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation 142, 3182–3190. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.022
  • Franklin, D. C. (1999). Evidence of disarray amongst granivorous bird assemblages in the savannas of northern Australia, a region of sparse human settlement. Biological Conservation 90, 53–68. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00010-5
  • Fraser, H., Simmonds, J. S., Kutt, A. S., Maron, M., and Strubbe, D. (2019). Systematic definition of threatened fauna communities is critical to their conservation. Diversity and Distributions 25, 462–477. doi:10.1111/ddi.12875
  • Fulton, G. R. (2013). Woodland birds persisting in least disturbed environment: Birds of Dryandra woodland 1953–2008. Pacific Conservation Biology 19, 58–75. doi:10.1071/PC130058
  • Garnett, S. T. (2020). Towards protection of locally significant species. Emu 120, 100–101. doi:10.1080/01584197.2019.1685894
  • Garnett, S. T., and Baker, G. B. (Eds.) (2021). ‘The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2020.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
  • Garnett, S., Woinarski, J., Lindenmayer, D., and Latch, P. (Eds.) (2018). ‘Recovering Australian Threatened Species: A Book of Hope.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
  • Gaston, K. J., and Fuller, R. A. (2008). Commonness, population depletion and conservation biology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23, 14–19. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.11.001
  • Giling, D., Reina, R. D., and Hogg, Z. (2008). Anthropogenic influence on an urban colony of the little penguin Eudyptula minor. Marine and Freshwater Research 59, 647–651. doi:10.1071/MF08003
  • Gregory, R. D., Noble, D. G., and Custance, J. (2004). The state of play of farmland birds: Population trends and conservation status of lowland farmland birds in the United Kingdom. Ibis 146, 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00358.x
  • Grenyer, R., Orme, C. D. L., Jackson, S. F., Thomas, G. H., Davies, R. G., Davies, T. J., et al. (2006). Global distribution and conservation of rare and threatened vertebrates. Nature 444, 93–96. doi:10.1038/nature05237
  • Hansen, B. D., Menkhorst, P., Moloney, P., and Loyn, R. H. (2015). Long-term declines in multiple waterbird species in a tidal embayment, south-east Australia. Austral Ecology 40, 515–527. doi:10.1111/aec.12219
  • Harrisson, K. A., Pavlova, A., Amos, J. N., Takeuchi, N., Lill, A., Radford, J. Q., and Sunnucks, P. (2012). Fine-scale effects of habitat loss and fragmentation despite large-scale gene flow for some regionally declining woodland bird species. Landscape Ecology 27, 813–827. doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9743-2
  • Hewish, M., Ward, R., Bugg, R., and Munday, D. (2006). ’Birds of the Long Forest 1889–2005.’ (Friends of Werribee Gorge and Long Forest Mallee Inc.: Bacchus Marsh.)
  • IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2022. ‘Guidelines for using the IUCN Red list categories and criteria. Version 15.1.’ IUCN. Available at https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines.
  • Keast, A. (1995). Habitat loss and species loss: The birds of Sydney 50 years ago and now. The Australian Zoologist 30, 3–25. doi:10.7882/AZ.1995.002
  • Kingsford, R. T., Bino, G., and Porter, J. L. (2017). Continental impacts of water development on waterbirds, contrasting two Australian river basins: Global implications for sustainable water use. Global Change Biology 23, 4958–4969. doi:10.1111/gcb.13743
  • Kingsford, R. T., and Porter, J. L. (2009). Monitoring waterbird populations with aerial surveys - What have we learnt? Wildlife Research 36, 29–40. doi:10.1071/WR08034
  • Kutt, A. S., Vanderduys, E. P., Perry, J. J., Mathieson, M. T., and Eyre, T. J. (2016). Yellow-throated miners Manorina flavigula homogenize bird communities across intact and fragmented landscapes. Austral Ecology 41, 316–327. doi:10.1111/aec.12314
  • Lee, J. S., Callaghan, C. T., and Cornwell, W. K. (2023). Using citizen science to measure recolonisation of birds after the Australian 2019–2020 mega‐fires. Austral Ecology 48, 31–40. doi:10.1111/aec.13105
  • Lindenmayer, D., and Cunningham, R. (2011). Longitudinal patterns in bird reporting rates in a threatened ecosystem: Is change regionally consistent? Biological Conservation 144, 430–440. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.029
  • Lindenmayer, D. B., Lane, P., Westgate, M., Scheele, B. C., Foster, C., Sato, C., et al. (2018). Tests of predictions associated with temporal changes in Australian bird populations. Biological Conservation 222, 212–221. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.007
  • Loyn, R. H., McNabb, E. G., Volodina, L., and Willig, R. (2001). Modelling landscape distributions of large forest owls as applied to managing forests in north-east Victoria, Australia. Biological Conservation 97, 361–376. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00135-X
  • Loyn, R. H., and Menkhorst, P. W. (2011). The bird fauna of Melbourne: Changes over a century of urban growth and climate change, using a benchmark from Keartland (1900). The Victorian Naturalist 128, 210–232.
  • Loyn, R. H., Runnalls, R. G., Forward, G. Y., and Tyers, J. (1983). Territorial bell miners and other birds affecting populations of insect prey. Science 221, 1411–1413. doi:10.1126/science.221.4618.1411
  • Luck, G. W., Davidson, P., Boxall, D., and Smallbone, L. (2011). Relations between urban bird and plant communities and human well-being and connection to nature. Conservation Biology 25, 816–826. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01685.x
  • Lynch, J., and Saunders, D. (1991). Responses of bird species to habitat fragmentation in the wheatbelt of Western Australia: Interiors, edges and corridors. In ‘Nature Conservation 2: The Role of Corridors’. (Eds D. A. Saunders and R. J. Hobbs.) pp. 143–158. (Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney.)
  • Mace, G. M., Collar, N. J., Gaston, K. J., Hilton‐Taylor, C., Akçakaya, H. R., Leader‐Williams, N., et al. (2008). Quantification of extinction risk: IUCN’s system for classifying threatened species. Conservation Biology 22, 1424–1442. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x
  • MacHunter, J., Wright, W., Loyn, R., and Rayment, P. (2006). Bird declines over 22 years in forest remnants in southeastern Australia: Evidence of faunal relaxation? Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, 2756–2768. doi:10.1139/x06-159
  • Mac Nally, R., Bennett, A. F., Thomson, J. R., Radford, J. Q., Unmack, G., Horrocks, G., and Vesk, P.A. (2009). Collapse of an avifauna: Climate change appears to exacerbate habitat loss and degradation. Diversity and Distributions 15, 720–730. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00578.x
  • Mac Nally, R., Bowen, M., Howes, A., McAlpine, C. A., and Maron, M. (2012). Despotic, high-impact species and the subcontinental scale control of avian assemblage structure. Ecology 93, 668–678. doi:10.1890/10-2340.1
  • Maisey, A. C., Haslem, A., Leonard, S. W., and Bennett, A. F. (2021). Foraging by an avian ecosystem engineer extensively modifies the litter and soil layer in forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications 31, e02219. doi:10.1002/eap.2219
  • Maisey, A. C., Haslem, A., Leonard, S. W., and Bennett, A. F. (2022). Differential effects of ecosystem engineering by the superb lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae and herbivory by large mammals on floristic regeneration and structure in wet eucalypt forests. Ecology and Evolution 12, e8956. doi:10.1002/ece3.8956
  • Maron, M., Grey, M. J., Catterall, C. P., Major, R. E., Oliver, D. L., Clarke, M. F., et al. (2013). Avifaunal disarray due to a single despotic species. Diversity and Distributions 19, 1468–1479. doi:10.1111/ddi.12128
  • Martin, T. G., Nally, S., Burbidge, A. A., Arnall, S., Garnett, S. T., Hayward, M. W., et al. (2012). Acting fast helps avoid extinction. Conservation Letters 5, 274–280. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00239.x
  • Martin, T. G., and Possingham, H. P. (2005). Predicting the impact of livestock grazing on birds using foraging height data. Journal of Applied Ecology 42, 400–408. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01012.x
  • McCarthy, M. A., Thompson, C. J., and Garnett, S. T. (2008). Optimal investment in conservation of species. Journal of Applied Ecology 45, 1428–1435. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01521.x
  • Neice, A. A., and McRae, S. B. (2021). An eDNA diagnostic test to detect a rare, secretive marsh bird. Global Ecology and Conservation 27, e01529. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01529
  • Newton, I. (2004). The recent declines of farmland bird populations in Britain: An appraisal of causal factors and conservation actions. Ibis 146, 579–600. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00375.x
  • Noske, R. A., and Briggs, A. (2022). Species loss and decline among birds of coastal central Queensland over 130 years. Pacific Conservation Biology 28, 427–443. doi:10.1071/PC20081
  • Olah, G., Heinsohn, R., Berryman, A. J., Legge, S. M., Radford, J. Q., and Garnett, S. T. (2024). Biological characteristics of Australian threatened birds. Emu-Austral Ornithology. 124, 83–92. doi:10.1080/01584197.2023.2285821.
  • Paton, D. C. (2000). Disruption of bird-plant pollination systems in southern Australia. Conservation Biology 14, 1232–1234. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.00015.x
  • Paton, D. C., Rogers, D. J., and Harris, W. 2004. Birdscaping the environment: Restoring the woodland systems of the Mt Lofty region, South Australia. In ‘Conservation of Australia’s Forest Fauna’. (2nd edn). (Eds D. Lunney.) pp. 331–358. (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales: Mosman, NSW.)
  • Pauly, D. (1995). Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome of fisheries. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10, 430. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)89171-5
  • Perry, J., Kutt, A., Garnett, S., Crowley, G. M., Vanderduys, E., and Perkins, G. (2011). Changes in the avifauna of Cape York Peninsula over a period of 9 years: The relative effects of fire, vegetation type and climate. Emu-Austral Ornithology 111, 120–131. doi:10.1071/MU10009
  • Radford, J. Q., Bennett, A. F., and Cheers, G. J. (2005). Landscape-level thresholds of habitat cover for woodland birds. Biological Conservation 124, 317–337. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.039
  • Rayner, L., Lindenmayer, D. B., Gibbons, P., and Manning, A. D. (2014). Evaluating empirical evidence for decline in temperate woodland birds: A nationally threatened assemblage of species. Biological Conservation 171, 145–155. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.01.029
  • Recher, H. F. (2023). Temporal patterns of abundance of birds along a transect in Kings Park, Perth: A long-term study. Australian Zoologist 42, 937–959. doi:10.7882/AZ.2022.016
  • Reid, J. R. W. (1999). Threatened and declining birds in the New South Wales sheep-wheatbelt: 1. Diagnosis, characteristics and management. Report to the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra.
  • Reid, T., Lada, H., Selwood, K. E., Horrocks, G. F., Thomson, J. R., and Mac Nally, R. (2022). Responses of floodplain birds to high‐amplitude precipitation fluctuations over two decades. Austral Ecology 47, 828–840. doi:10.1111/aec.13164
  • Reid, J. W., and Nicholls, A. O. 2020. ‘Long-Term Trends of Birds in the Cowra Region NSW — Statistical Models of Species, Indices and Communities Over 17 Years of Cowra Woodland Birds Program Surveys.’ (BirdLife Australia: Southern NSW and ACT Region.)
  • Robertson, O. J., McAlpine, C., House, A., Maron, M., and A Driscoll, D. (2013). Influence of interspecific competition and landscape structure on spatial homogenization of avian assemblages. PLoS ONE 8, e65299. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065299
  • Robinson, D. (2006). Is revegetation in the sheep Pen Creek area, Victoria, improving Grey‐crowned Babbler habitat? Ecological Management & Restoration 7, 93–104. doi:10.1111/j.1442-8903.2006.00263.x
  • Robinson, D., and Traill, B. (1996). Conserving Woodland Birds in the Wheat and Sheep Belts of Southern Australia. RAOU Conservation Statement No. 10. RAOU Birds Australia, Melbourne.
  • Rogers, D. I., Herring, M., Silcocks, A., Jaensch, R. P., Carey, M., and Garnett, S. T. (2021). Australian Painted-snipe Rostratula australis. In ‘The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2020’. (Eds S. T. Garnett and G. B. Baker.) pp. 260–262. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
  • Rowe, K. M., Selwood, K. E., Bryant, D., and Baker-Gabb, D. (2023). Acoustic surveys improve landscape-scale detection of a critically endangered Australian bird, the plains-wanderer (Pedionomus torquatus). Wildlife Research. doi:10.1071/WR22187
  • Saunders, A. (2018). Trends in woodland bird populations on the Cumberland Plain, New South Wales, from long-term datasets. Australian Zoologist 39, 675–697. doi:10.7882/AZ.2018.041
  • Saunders, D. A. (1989). Changes in the avifauna of a region, district and remnant as a result of fragmentation of native vegetation: The wheatbelt of Western Australia. A case study. Biological Conservation 50, 99–135. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(89)90007-4
  • Saunders, D., and Curry, P. (1990). The impact of agricultural and pastoral industries on birds in the southern half of Western Australia: Past, present and future. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 16, 303–321.
  • Saunders, D. A., and Doley, A. (2013). The birds of “Koobabbie” in the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia (1987–2011) and the contribution of the farm to conservation of the region’s avifauna. Pacific Conservation Biology 19, 204–232. doi:10.1071/PC130204
  • Şekercioğlu, Ç. H., Daily, G. C., and Ehrlich, P. R. (2004). Ecosystem consequences of bird declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, 18042–18047.
  • Skroblin, A., and Murphy, S. (2013). The conservation status of Australian malurids and their value as models in understanding land-management issues. Emu-Austral Ornithology 113, 309–318. doi:10.1071/MU12075
  • Smith, P., and Smith, J. (1994). Historical change in the bird fauna of Western New South Wales: ecological patterns and conservation implications. In ‘Future of the Fauna of Western New South Wales’. (Eds D. Lunney, S. Hand, P. Reed, D. Butcher.) pp. 123–147. (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales: Mosman.)
  • Studds, C. E., Kendall, B. E., Murray, N. J., Wilson, H. B., Rogers, D. I., Clemens, R. S., et al. (2017). Rapid population decline in migratory shorebirds relying on Yellow Sea tidal mudflats as stopover sites. Nature Communications 8, 14895. doi:10.1038/ncomms14895
  • Szabo, J. K., Vesk, P. A., Baxter, P. W., and Possingham, H. P. (2011). Paying the extinction debt: Woodland birds in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. Emu-Austral Ornithology 111, 59–70. doi:10.1071/MU09114
  • Thackway, R., and Cresswell, I. (Eds.) (1995). ‘An Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia: A Framework for Establishing the National System of Reserves, Version 4.0’. (Australian Nature Conservation Agency: Canberra.)
  • Van Dijk, A. I., Beck, H. E., Crosbie, R. S., De Jeu, R. A., Liu, Y. Y., Podger, G. M., et al. (2013). The Millennium drought in southeast Australia (2001–2009): Natural and human causes and implications for water resources, ecosystems, economy, and society. Water Resources Research 49, 1040–1057. doi:10.1002/wrcr.20123
  • Verdon, S. J., Davis, R. A., Tulloch, A., Legge, S. M., Watson, D. M., Woinarski, J. C. Z., et al. (2024). Trends in monitoring of Australia’s threatened birds (1990-2020): Much improved but still inadequate. Emu-Austral Ornithology 124, 21–36. doi:10.1080/01584197.2023.2275121.
  • Walsh, J. C., Gibson, M. R., Simmonds, J. S., Mayfield, H. J., Bracey, C., Melton, C. B., et al. (2023). Effectiveness of conservation interventions for Australian woodland birds: A systematic review. Biological Conservation 282, 110030. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110030
  • Walter, J., and Walter, R. (2007). Changes in the occurrence of birds and conservation of bird habitats in the Pittsworth Shire, Darling downs, since 1972. Sunbird 37, 1–13.
  • Watson, D. M. (2011). A productivity-based explanation for woodland bird declines: Poorer soils yield less food. Emu-Austral Ornithology 111(1), 10–18. doi:10.1071/MU09109
  • Whelan, C. J., Wenny, D. G., and Marquis, R. J. (2008). Ecosystem services provided by birds. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1134, 25–60. doi:10.1196/annals.1439.003
  • Williams, S. E., and de la Fuente, A. (2021). Long-term changes in populations of rainforest birds in the Australia Wet Tropics bioregion: A climate-driven biodiversity emergency. PLoS ONE 16, e0254307. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254307
  • Woinarski, J. C., Armstrong, M., Brennan, K., Fisher, A., Griffiths, A. D., Hill, B., et al. (2010). Monitoring indicates rapid and severe decline of native small mammals in Kakadu national Park, northern Australia. Wildlife Research 37, 116–126. doi:10.1071/WR09125
  • Woinarski, J., and Catterall, C. (2004). Historical changes in the bird fauna at Coomooboolaroo, northeastern Australia, from the early years of pastoral settlement (1873) to 1999. Biological Conservation 116, 379–401. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00231-3
  • Woinarski, J., Fisher, A., Armstrong, M., Brennan, K., Griffiths, A., Hill, B., et al. (2012). Monitoring indicates greater resilience for birds than for mammals in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia. Wildlife Research 39, 397–407. doi:10.1071/WR11213
  • Woinarski, J., Murphy, B. P., Legge, S., Garnett, S. T., Lawes, M., Comer, S., et al. (2017). How many birds are killed by cats in Australia? Biological Conservation 214, 76–87. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.006
  • Ziembicki, M. R., Woinarski, J. C. Z., and Mackey, B. (2013). Evaluating the status of species using Indigenous knowledge: Novel evidence for major native mammal declines in northern Australia. Biological Conservation 157, 78–92. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.07.004