The ‘Pragmatic cooperation’ in the Belt and Road Initiative: the Sino-Turkmen natural gas engagement

References

• Ambrosio, T. 2008. “Catching the ‘Shanghai Spirit’: How the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Promotes Authoritarian Norms in Central Asia.” Europe–Asia Studies 60 (8): 1321–1344. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130802292143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amineh, M., and M. van Driel. 2018. “China’s Statist Energy Relations with Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.” African and Asian Studies 17 (1–2): 63–89. https://doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anceschi, L. 2017. “Turkmenistan and the Virtual Politics of Eurasian Energy: The Case of the TAPI Pipeline Project.” Central Asian Survey 36 (4): 409–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2017.1391747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aris, S. 2009. “The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: ‘Tackling the Three Evils’. A Regional Response to Non-Traditional Security Challenges or an Anti-Western Bloc?” Europe–Asia Studies 61 (3): 457–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130902753309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atai, F., and H. Aziz. 2012. “The Energy Factor in Iran–Turkmenistan Relations.” Iranian Studies 45 (6): 745–758. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2012.726877.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, D. 1985. Economic Statecraft. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• BP. 2021. Statistical Review of World Energy. 70th ed. London: BP. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bradshaw, M., and A. Waterworth. 2020. “China’s Dash for Gas: Local Challenge and Global Consequences.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 61 (3): 266–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1716819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caixin. 2017. Zhong ya jin kou qi “diao lian zi”, tu ku man qi lian jiang san yue [Imported Central Asian Gas decreased in 3 Months in a Row]. December 27. https://companies.caixin.com/2017-12-27/101190128.html.
   Google Scholar
• China News Service. 2019. Fa gai wei hui ying “tu ku man si tan jian shao tian ran qi gong ying” chuan yan [NDRC Responds to the Rumour of “Turkmenistan Decreases Natural Gas Supply to China”] January 9. http://news.163.com/19/0109/00/E51OU6K900018AOR.html.
   Google Scholar
• Chung, C. 2004. “The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: China Changing Influence in Central Asia.” China Quarterly 180: 990–1009. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741004000712.
   Google Scholar
• CNPC News. 2022. Zhong guo shi you zai tu xin qi tian tou chan [CNPC’s New Oilfield in Turkmenistan in Production] http://news.cnpc.com.cn/system/2022/06/21/030071448.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Cobanli, O. 2014. “Central Asian Gas in Eurasian Power Game.” Energy Policy 68: 348–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.12.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, R. 1968. The Economics of Interdependence: Economic Policy in the Atlantic Community. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Crammond, E. 1914. “The Economic Relations of the British and German Empires.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 77 (8): 777–824. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2397-2335.1914.tb03210.x.
   Google Scholar
• Ding, S. 2008. “To Build A “Harmonious World”: China’s Soft Power Wielding in the Global South.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 13(2): 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-008-9023-9.
   Google Scholar
• Downs, E. 2011. Inside China, Inc: China Development Bank’s Cross-Border Energy Deals. Washington, DC: The John L. Thornton China Center at Brookings Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Downs, E., and T. Mitrova. 2023. China–Russia Energy Relations One Years after the Invasion of Ukraine. https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/qa-china-russia-energy-relations-one-year-after-the-invasion-of-ukraine/.
   Google Scholar
• Dreyer, J. 2014. “China and Japan: ‘Hot Economics, Cold Politics’.” Orbis 58 (3): 326–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2014.05.002.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, D., and M. McClelland. 2013. “Shale Gas and the Revival of American Power: Debunking Decline?” International Affairs 89 (6): 1411–1428. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, Y. 2019. “China’s Strategy Toward Central Asia: Interests, Principles and Policy Tools.” Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University: International Relations 12: 23–39. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu06.2019.102.
   Google Scholar
• Haas, E. 1958. The Uniting of Europe. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, C. 2003. The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Horák, S. 2012. “Turkmenistan’s Shifting Energy Geopolitics in 2009–2011.” Problems of Post-Communism 59 (2): 18–30. https://doi.org/10.2753/PPC1075-8216590202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz, S. 2016. “South Korea and Japan Since World War II: Between Ideological Discord and Pragmatic Cooperation.” Pacific Focus 31 (1): 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/PAFO.12066. http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201503/t20150330_669367.html.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, J. 2003. Kai chuang xin shi ji xin jie duan wai jiao gong zuo xin ju mian [To Initiate the New Development of Diplomacy in the New Stage of the New Century]. Speech at the Meeting with Ambassadors of China. August 25.
   Google Scholar
• Jakóbowski, J., and M. Marszewski. 2018. “Crisis in Turkmenistan: A Test for China’s Policy in the Region.” OSW Commentary 284: 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Jin, L. 2015. “The “New Silk Road” Initiative: China’s Marshall Plan?” China International Studies 50 (1): 70–83.
   Google Scholar
• Keohane, R., and J. Nye. 1977. Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. Boston: Little.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., and F. Indeo. 2013. ““The New Great Game in Central Asia Post 2014: The US ‘New Silk Road” Strategy and Sino-Russian Rivalry.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 46 (2): 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.POSTCOMSTUD.2013.03.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D., and B. Hocking. 2018. Economic Diplomacy, in Oxford Research Encyclopaedia of International Studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.384.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. 2014. “Opportunities and Risks in Turkmenistan’s Quest for Diversification of its Gas Export Routes.” Energy Policy 74: 330–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2014.08.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, K. 2008. “Macroeconomic Disequilibria and Enterprise Reform: Restructuring the Chinese Oil and Petrochemical Industries in the 1990s.” China Journal 60: 49–79. https://doi.org/10.1086/tcj.60.20647988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Q. 2019. “Tu ku man si tan tian ran qi mi ju” [The Puzzle of Turkmen Natural Gas]. Nengyuan (2): 58–61.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, B. 1976. “Politics, Fish, and International Resource Management: The British–Icelandic Cod War.” The Geographical Review 66 (2): 127–138. https://doi.org/10.2307/213576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Administration of Energy (of China). 2011. 2010 neng yuan jing ji xing shi ji 2011 nian zhan wang [Energy Economic Situation in 2010 and Prospect for 2011]. http://www.nea.gov.cn/2011-01/28/c_131054966.htm.
   Google Scholar
• NDRC. 2022. 2021 tian ran qi yun xing jian kuang [Brief on Natural Gas Operation in 2021]. https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fgsj/tjsj/jjyx/mdyqy/202202/t20220210_1314517.html?code=&state=123.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hara, S., and H. Lai. 2011. “China’s ‘Dash for Gas’: Challenges and Potential Impacts on Global Markets.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 52 (4): 501–522. https://doi.org/10.2747/1539-7216.52.4.501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okano-Heijmans, M. 2011. “Conceptualization Economic Diplomacy: The Crossroad of International Relations, Economics, IPE and Diplomatic Studies.” Hague Journal of Diplomacy 6: 7–36. https://doi.org/10.1163/187119111X566742.
   Google Scholar
• Pantucci, R. 2015. “China and Russia’s Soft Competition in Central Asia.” Current History 114 (774): 272–277. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2015.114.774.272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raballand, G., and A. Andrésy. 2007. “Why Should Trade Between Central Asia and China Continue to Expand.” Asia Europe Journal 5 (2): 235–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10308-007-0115-5.
   Google Scholar
• S&P. 2013. China’s CNPC Says Turkmen Arm Darya Project Output Hits 17 bcm. https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/natural-gas/082713-chinas-cnpc-says-turkmen-amu-darya-gas-project-output-hits-17-bcm.
   Google Scholar
• Sheives, K. 2006. “China’s Turns West: Beijing’s Contemporary Strategy Towards Central Asia.” Pacific Affairs 79 (2): 205–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. 2014. “EU–China Relations and the Limits of Economic Diplomacy.” Asia Europe Journal 12(1–2): 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10308-014-0374-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• State Council of China. 2015. Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road.
   Google Scholar
• Vasánczski, L. 2011. Gas Exports in Turkmenistan. Note de l’lfri. https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/noteenergielvasanczki.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Vershinin, A. 2021. “Russia Doubled Purchases of Gas from Turkmenistan in 2021.” Associate Press. December 25. https://apnews.com/article/business-russia-china-asia-central-asia-62986d8c29f32dd3f98f9af38775e2ac.
   Google Scholar
• Wallenstein, I. 2004. World-System Analysis: An Introduction. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Waltz, K. 1979. Theory of International Politics. New York: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, H. 2015. “Tu ku man si tan tian ran qi duo yuan hua chu kou zhan lue 1991–2015” [Turkmenistan’s Diversification Strategy of Natural Gas Export (1991–2015)]. E luo si yan jiu [Russian Studies] 195: 75–96.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X. 2016. Zhong guo tian ran qi jin kou jia ge ji zhi yan jiu [Study on the Mechanism of Natural Gas Import Price in China]. Master’s Degree Thesis of China University of Petroleum.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X. 2019. “Does Structural Power of Business Matter in State Capitalism? Evidence from the Oil Politics Under Xi Jinping.” Pacific Focus 34 (2): 284–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/pafo.12145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X. 2020. “Leadership-building Dilemma in Emerging Powers’ Economic Diplomacy: Russia’s Energy Diplomacy and China’s OBOR.” Asia Europe Journal 18(1): 117–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10308-019-00536-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X. 2022. “Is the Spillover Hypothesis of Neofunctionalism Functional in an Asian Context? The China–Central Asia and China–Southeast Asia Pipelines in Comparative Perspective.” Asian Perspective 46 (1): 133–156. https://doi.org/10.1353/apr.2022.0005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., and Q. Liu. 2021. “The Evolution of the Sino-Russian Oil and Gas Partnership: From Structure-Centred to Actor-Centred Engagement.” Chinese Political Science Review 7: 503–523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-021-00176-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. 2014. Press Interview, 19 September, https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-09/20/content_2753321.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. 2023. Jia kuai tui jin tian ran qi shi chang jia ge ji zhi gai ge [To Accelerate the Reform of Natural Gas Market Pricing Mechanism]. Guangming Daily Feberrary 16. https://m.gmw.cn/baijia/2023-02/16/1303285831.html.
   Google Scholar
• Woolcock, S., N. Bayne, et al. 2013. “Economic Diplomacy.” In Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, edited by A. Cooper, 384–401. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, H., and C. Chen. 2004. “The Prospects for Regional Economic Integration Between China and Five Central Asian Countries.” Europe–Asia Studies 56 (7): 1059–1080. https://doi.org/10.1080/1465342042000294365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xi, J. 2014a. Zhong guo bi xu you zi ji te se de da guo wai jiao. [China Must Have Great Power Diplomacy with Its Own Characteristics] Speech at the Central Meeting of Foreign Affairs, Novemebr 28. http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0104/c416126-29745990.html.
   Google Scholar
• Xi, J. 2014b. Ji ji tui dong wo guo neng yuan sheng chan he xiao fei ge ming. [To Actively Promote the Energy Production and Consumption Revolution in China].June 13. http://www.nea.gov.cn/2014-06/13/c_133405839.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Xi, J. 2017. The Speech at the 9th BRICS Summit. September 3. http://www.xinhuanet.com//world/2017-09/03/c_129695180.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Xi, J. 2019. The Speech at the Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation. April 27. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-04/27/content_5386904.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Xinhua. 2019. Yi dai yi lu neng yuan he zuo huo ban guan xi zai jing chegn li [BRI Energy Partnership is Established in Beijing]. April 25. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-04/25/content_5386353.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Xinhua. 2022. Xi Jin ping hui jian tu ku man si tan zong tong bie er de mu ha mei duo fu [Xi Jinping Meets the President of Turkmenistan, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]. Febrary 15. http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/leaders/2022-02/05/c_1128333534_2.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Yan, X. 2006. “He xie she hui he he xie shi jie de zheng ce guan xi” [The Policy Relation Between ‘Harmonious Society’ and ‘Harmonious World]. Guo ji zheng zhi yan jiu [International Politics Quarterly] (1): 14–15.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, H. 2019. Zhong ya tian ran qi guan dao shi zhong guo dui wai neng yuan he zuo de cheng gong dian fan [Sino-Central Asia Natural Gas Pipeline is the Successful Example of Chinese External Energy Cooperation]. http://www.charhar.org.cn/newsinfo.aspx?newsid=14510.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, G. 2016. Interview with China Economic Weekly, http://www.ceweekly.cn/2016/0104/137766.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. 2018. “Book Preface.” In Yi dai yi lu chang yi de jian xing zhe: zhong ya kua guo tian ran qi guan dao tou zi yu jian she [The Constructor of the BRI: The Investment and Construction of China–Central Asia Cross-Border Natural Gas Pipelines], edited by F. Meng. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. S., Q. C. Ni, J. Xing, and S. Qiao. 2015. “Ji yu di yuan zhan lue zhong guo tong tu ku man si tan zi yuan he zuo fen xi” [Resource Cooperation Between China and Turkmenistan Based on Geostrategy]. Zi yuan ke xue [Resources Science] 37: 1086–1095.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, C. 2007. “Ni ya zuo fu liu xia neng yuan mi ju” [The Energy Puzzle After Niyazov]. Zhong guo shi you shi hua [China Petrochem] (2): 34–35.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, H. 2013. “China’s View of and Expectations from the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.” Asian Survey 53 (3): 436–460. https://doi.org/10.1525/AS.2013.53.3.436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., X. Liu, and Y. Ge. 2017. “Yi dai yi lu yan xian guo jia you qi zi yuan fen bu ge ju ji qi yu zhong guo he zuo zhong de xian hu yi lai guan xi” [Analysis of the Oil and Gas Resource Distribution Pattern Along the Belt and Road and the Interdependence Relationship with China]. Di li yan jiu [Geographical Research] 36: 2305–2320.
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler, C. E. 2013. “Central Asia, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and American Foreign Policy: From Indifference to Engagement.” Asian Survey 53 (3): 484–505. https://doi.org/10.1525/AS.2013.53.3.484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, C., Q. Zhao, J. Chen, L. Jian, Y. Zhi, Q. Sun, J. Lu, and G. Zhang. 2018. “Natural Gas in China: Development Trend and Strategic Forecast.” Natural Gas Industry B 5 (4): 380–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ngib.2018.04.010.
   Google Scholar