Modelling the intelligence requirements and priorities process: the US response to the Rwandan genocide

Bibliography

• Abdalla, N. S., and P. H. J. Davies. “Intelligence, Policy, and the Mandate: A Third Form of Strategic Failure.” The International Journal of Intelligence, Security, and Public Affairs 23, no. 2 (2021): 105–124. doi:10.1080/23800992.2021.1881724.
   Google Scholar
• Allison, G. T. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Canada: Little, Brown, and Company, 1971.
   Google Scholar
• Anthony, G., P. H. J. Davies, and J. N. L. Morrison. The Open Side of Secrecy: Britain’s Intelligence and Security Committee. London: Social Affairs Unit, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Beach, D., and R. Brun Pedersen. Process-Tracing Methods: Foundations and Guidelines. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Betts, R. K. Enemies of Intelligence: Knowledge and Power in American National Security. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Brand, M. “Intelligence, Warning, and Policy: The Johnson Administration and the 1968 Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia.” Cold War History 21, no. 2 (2021): 197–214. doi:10.1080/14682745.2020.1752675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, G. H. W. “Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union.” The American Presidency Project. January 29, 1991. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-before-joint-session-the-congress-the-state-the-union-1
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, E., and D. C. Snyder. “A Perspective on Intelligence Reform from Outside the Beltway.” The Final Report of the Snyder Commission (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. One Hundred Days of Silence: America and the Rwanda Genocide. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, E. J. Intelligence and Surprise Attack: Failure and Success from Pearl Harbor to 9/11 and Beyond. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, P. H. J. Intelligence and Government in Britain and the United States: A Comparative Perspective [2 Volumes]. Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Ferroggiaro, W. “The US and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994: Evidence of Inaction.” The National Security Archive (2001): 1–10. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Garthoff, D. F. Directors of Central Intelligence as Leaders of the US Intelligence Community, 1946-2005. Washington, D.C: Potomac Books, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Hedley, J. H. “Learning from Intelligence Failures.” International Journal of Intelligence & CounterIntelligence 18, no. 3 (2005): 435–450. doi:10.1080/08850600590945416.
   Google Scholar
• Jervis, R. Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons from the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War. Ithica: Cornell University Press, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, L. K. National Security Intelligence: Secret Operations in Defense of the Democracies. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, R. J. “The Track Record: CIA Analysis from 1950 to 2000.” In Analyzing Intelligence: Origins, Obstacles, and Innovations, edited by J. Bruce, B. Roger, and Z. George. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2008: 35–55.
   Google Scholar
• Kriner, D. L., and F. X. Shen. “Iraq Casualties and the 2006 Senate Elections.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 32, no. 4 (2007): 507–530. doi:10.3162/036298007782398486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuperman, A. J. “Rwanda in Retrospect.” Foreign Affairs (2000): 94–118. doi:10.2307/20049616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake, A. “Confronting Backlash States.” Foreign Affairs 73:2, (1994): 45–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowenthal, M. M. Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy. Los Angeles: CQ Press, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Meierhenrich, J. “How Many Victims Were There in the Rwandan Genocide? A Statistical Debate.” Journal of Genocide Research 22, no. 1 (2020): 72–82. doi:10.1080/14623528.2019.1709611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moose, G. Interview, “Ghosts of Rwanda.” Timeline (2004) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ghosts/etc/crontext.html.
   Google Scholar
• “The NRO at the Crossroads.” National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Power, S. “Bystanders to Genocide.” The Atlantic Monthly 288, no. 2 (2001): 84–108.
   Google Scholar
• Power, S. A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide. New York: Harper Perennial, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Prunier, G. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Punton, M., and K. Welle “Straws-In-The-Wind, Hoops and Smoking Guns: What Can Process Tracing Offer to Impact Evaluation?” CDI Practice Paper, 2015: 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Ramsay, N. “Operation Gothic Serpent: An Analysis of Failure.” In SOF Case Studies, edited by B. Horn, 209–240. Ottawa: Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Richelson, Jeffrey, T., as found in Arkin, and M. William “At DIA, Excess is in the Details.” The Washington Post. Dec. 6, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• ”Timeline: 100 Days of Genocide.” BBC News. 4 June 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3580247.stm.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. UNAMIR- Kigali. “Situation Report: 12 April 1994,” WM005258, National Security Archive.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. Commission on Human Rights. Report by Mr. B.W. Ndiaye. Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary, or Arbitrary Executions, on His Mission to Rwanda from 8-17 April 1993. August 1993. E/CN.4/1994/7/Add.1.
   Google Scholar
• US Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, “Presidential Review Directive/NSC-13- Multilateral Peacekeeping Operations.” National Security Council and National Security Council Records Management Office, Clinton Digital Library, February 15, 1993. https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/57593
   Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau, “Trade in Goods with Rwanda.” Foreign Trade Division, https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c7690.html#1993
   Google Scholar
• US Central Intelligence Agency. Africa Review, 14 March 1994, CIA AR 94-006.
   Google Scholar
• US Central Intelligence Agency. “National Intelligence Daily: 26 April 1994,” National Security Archives, MORI DOCID 638208.
   Google Scholar
• US Central Intelligence Agency. “National Intelligence Daily 7 April 1994,” National Security Archives, MORI DOCID 638200.
   Google Scholar
• US Central Intelligence Agency. “National Intelligence Daily: April 8, 1994,” National Security Archives, MORI DOCID 638201.
   Google Scholar
• US Central Intelligence Agency. “National Intelligence Daily: 18 April 1994.” Washington, DC, 1994. National Security Archives, MORI DOCID 638206
   Google Scholar
• US Central Intelligence Agency. “National Intelligence Daily: 26 April 1994.” Washington, DC, 1994. National Security Archives, MORI DOCID 638208
   Google Scholar
• US Congress. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., 2008, Public Law 110-261.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Defence. “Discussion Paper- Rwanda.” National Security Archive, Freedom of Information Act release by Office of the Secretary of Defense. May 1, 1994. Case# 95-F-0894
   Google Scholar
• US Department of State. Bureau of Intelligence and Research. SPOT Intelligence Report, 08: 45. RWANDA/BURUNDI: Turmoil in Rwanda. 7 April 1994. National Security Archive. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB119/Rw4.pdf
   Google Scholar
• US Department of State. Bureau of Intelligence and Research. SPOT Intelligence Report, 13: 00. Rwanda/Burundi: Violence Update, No. 2. 7 April 1994. National Security Archive. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB119/Rw5.pdf
   Google Scholar
• US Department of State, Telegram State 092008 “Subject: WGRWO1: Working Group Formation to Deal with the Situation in Kigali and Bujumbura.” Cable from Secretary of State. 7, April 1994. Genocide Archive of Rwanda. https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/index.php?title=Working_Group_Formation_to_Deal_with_the_Situation_in_Kigali_and_Bujumbura&gsearch=
   Google Scholar
• US Department of State, African Affairs. “TFRW01 Situation Report No. 24 Situation as of 1500 EDT, 04/10/94,” Rwanda Documents Project.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of State, African Affairs. “Situation Report No. 25 as of 1715 EDT, 04/10/94.” Rwanda Documents Project, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• US Director of Central Intelligence. “Key Intelligence Questions for FY 1974.” October 1973. CIA-RDP8OMO1062A000800160003-8 (CREST).
   Google Scholar
• US Director of Central Intelligence. “National Intelligence Topics.” July 1979. CIA-RDP86B00269R001400070001-4 (CREST)
   Google Scholar
• US House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. IC21: The Intelligence Community in the 21st Century. Washington D.C: Government Printing Office, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• US Joint Chiefs of Staff. Joint Publication 3-08: Interagency, Intergovernmental Organization, And Nongovernmental Organization Coordination During Joint Operations. Washington D.C: Department of Defense, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• US National Security Council. “Presidential Decision Directive/NSC-25 –U.S. Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations, 5/3/1994,” Clinton Digital Library. http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/12749
   Google Scholar
• US Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Intelligence Community Directive 204- National Intelligence Priorities Framework. Washington, D.C, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• US Office of the Press Secretary. Mike McCurry, “Press Briefing”, March 10, 1995. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd35.htm
   Google Scholar
• US Office of the Vice President [Albert Gore]. The Intelligence Community: Accompanying Report of the National Performance Review. Washington, DC, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• US Secretary of Defence. “Subject: Rwanda: Current Situation; Next Steps.” From Assistant Secretary of Defense for SO/LIC. 8 April 1994. CASE #: 95-F-0894, National Security Archive.
   Google Scholar
• US Under Secretary of Defense for Policy. “Rwanda: Jamming Civilian Radio Broadcasts.”, National Security Archive, May 5, 1994. 1-94/16544.
   Google Scholar
• US White House [Clinton, W. J.], “Letter to Congressional Leaders on the Evacuation of US Citizens from Rwanda and Burundi.” The American Presidency Project. April 12, 1994. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/219003
   Google Scholar
• Valentino, B. A. “Still Standing By: Why America and the International Community Fail to Prevent Genocide and Mass Killing.” Perspectives on Politics 1, no. 3 (2003): 565–578. doi:10.1017/S1537592703000410.
   Google Scholar
• Wark, W. “The Intelligence-Law Enforcement Nexus: A Study of Cooperation Between the Canadian Security Intelligence Service and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 1984-2006, in the Context of the Air India Terrorist Attack.” Research Studies 1 (2010): 147–184.
   Google Scholar
• Yanagizawa-Drott, D. “Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, no. 4 (2014): 1947–1994. doi:10.1093/qje/qju020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zegart, A. B. Spying Blind: The CIA, the FBI, and the Origins of 9/11. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007.
   Google Scholar