2,906
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles: Clinical Oncology

Testosterone replacement therapy is not associated with increased prostate cancer incidence, prostate cancer-specific, or cardiovascular disease-specific mortality in Finnish men

, , , , , & show all
Pages 1898-1904 | Received 17 Aug 2023, Accepted 28 Oct 2023, Published online: 16 Nov 2023

References

  • Gooren LJ. Diagnosing hypogonadism and treating decisions in different parts of the world: shifts in patterns between 2006 and 2015. Aging Male. 2016;19(1):46–53. doi: 10.3109/13685538.2015.1100601.
  • Traish AM. Adverse health effects of testosterone deficiency (TD) in men. Steroids. 2014;88:106–116. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.05.010.
  • Spitzer M, Huang G, Basaria S, et al. Risks and benefits of testosterone therapy in older men. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013;9(7):414–424. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.73.
  • Hwang K, Miner M. Controversies in testosterone replacement therapy: testosterone and cardiovascular disease. Asian J Androl. 2015;17(2):187–191. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.146968.
  • Gagliano-Jucá T, Basaria S. Testosterone replacement therapy and cardiovascular risk. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16(9):555–574. doi: 10.1038/s41569-019-0211-4.
  • Mohler ER, 3rd, Ellenberg SS, Lewis CE, et al. The effect of testosterone on cardiovascular biomarkers in the testosterone trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(2):681–688. doi: 10.1210/jc.2017-02243.
  • Loo SY, Azoulay L, Nie R, et al. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular safety of testosterone replacement therapy Among aging men with low testosterone levels: a cohort study. Am J Med. 2019;132(9):1069–1077.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.03.022.
  • Xu L, Freeman G, Cowling BJ, et al. Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular events among men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. BMC Med. 2013;11(1):108. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-108.
  • Basaria S, Harman SM, Travison TG, et al. Effects of testosterone administration for 3 years on subclinical atherosclerosis progression in older men with low or low-normal testosterone levels: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314(6):570–581. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.8881.
  • Vigen R, O'Donnell CI, Baron AE, et al. Association of testosterone therapy with mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke in men with low testosterone levels. JAMA. 2013;310(17):1829–1836. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.280386.
  • Lincoff AM, Bhasin S, Flevaris P, et al. Cardiovascular safety of testosterone-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(2):107–117. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2215025.
  • Corona G, Rastrelli G, Vignozzi L, et al. Testosterone, cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;25(2):337–353. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2010.07.002.
  • Shores MM, Smith NL, Forsberg CW, et al. Testosterone treatment and mortality in men with low testosterone levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(6):2050–2058. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-2591.
  • Endogenous Hormones and Prostate Cancer Collaborative Group. Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer: a collaborative analysis of 18 prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:170–183. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djm323.
  • Kava BR. To treat or not to treat with testosterone replacement therapy: a contemporary review of late-onset hypogonadism and critical issues related to prostate cancer. Curr Urol Rep. 2014;15(7):422. doi: 10.1007/s11934-014-0422-5.
  • Morgentaler A, Traish AM. Shifting the paradigm of testosterone and prostate cancer: the saturation model and the limits of androgen-dependent growth. Eur Urol. 2009;55(2):310–320. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.09.024.
  • Morgentaler A. Guilt by association: a historical perspective on huggins, testosterone therapy, and prostate cancer. J Sex Med. 2008;5(8):1834–1840. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00889.x.
  • Kaplan AL, Hu JC, Morgentaler A, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2016;69(5):894–903. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.12.005.
  • Huggins C, Hodges CV. Studies on prostatic cancer; the effects of castration, of estrogen, and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res. 1941;1:293–297.
  • Calof OM, Singh AB, Lee ML, et al. Adverse events associated with testosterone replacement in Middle-aged and older men: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(11):1451–1457. doi: 10.1093/gerona/60.11.1451.
  • Fode M, Salonia A, Minhas S, et al. Late-onset hypogonadism and testosterone Therapy - A summary of guidelines from the American Urological Association and the European Association of Urology. Eur Urol Focus. 2019;5(4):539–544. doi: 10.1016/j.euf.2019.02.021.
  • Kilpeläinen TP, Tammela TL, Malila N, et al. Prostate cancer mortality in the finnish randomized screening trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(10):719–725. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djt038.
  • Leinonen MK, Miettinen J, Heikkinen S, et al. Quality measures of the population-based finnish cancer registry indicate sound data quality for solid malignant tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2017;77:31–39. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.02.017.
  • Mäkinen T, Karhunen P, Aro J, et al. Assessment of causes of death in a prostate cancer screening trial. Int J Cancer. 2008;122(2):413–417. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23126.
  • Kilpeläinen TP, Mäkinen T, Karhunen PJ, et al. Estimating bias in causes of death ascertainment in the finnish randomized study of screening for prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. 2016;45:1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2016.08.022.
  • Furu K, Wettermark B, Andersen M, et al. The nordic countries as a cohort for pharmacoepidemiological research. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2010;106(2):86–94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00494.x.
  • WHO. ATC/DDD index. 2016. Available at: http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/.
  • Santella C, Renoux C, Yin H, et al. Testosterone replacement therapy and the risk of prostate cancer in men With Late-Onset hypogonadism. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(9):1666–1673. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwz138.
  • Walsh TJ, Shores MM, Krakauer CA, et al. Testosterone treatment and the risk of aggressive prostate cancer in men with low testosterone levels. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199194. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199194.
  • Lee JH, Shah PH, Uma D, et al. Testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men and myocardial infarction risk: systematic review & meta-analysis. Cureus. 2021;13(8):e17475. doi: 10.7759/cureus.17475.
  • Boyle P, Koechlin A, Bota M, et al. Endogenous and exogenous testosterone and the risk of prostate cancer and increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level: a meta-analysis. BJU Int. 2016;118(5):731–741. doi: 10.1111/bju.13417.
  • Mulhall JP, Trost LW, Brannigan RE, et al. Evaluation and management of testosterone deficiency: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2018;200(2):423–432. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2018.03.115.
  • Hashimoto T, Rahul K, Takeda T, et al. Prostate magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients treated for testosterone deficiency while on active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2016;34(12):530.e9-530–e14. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.07.004.
  • Daza J, Ahmad A, Shabir U, et al. Does testosterone replacement therapy increase the risk of conversion to treatment in patients with prostate cancer on active surveillance? Urol Oncol. 2023:S1078-1439(23)00215-6. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2023.06.002.
  • Pantalone KM, George J, Ji X, et al. Testosterone replacement therapy and the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes and mortality. Basic Clin Androl. 2019;29(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s12610-019-0085-7.
  • Khripun I, Vorobyev S, Belousov I, et al. Influence of testosterone substitution on glycemic control and endothelial markers in men with newly diagnosed functional hypogonadism and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Aging Male. 2019;22(4):241–249. doi: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1506918.
  • Groti K, Žuran I, Antonič B, et al. The impact of testosterone replacement therapy on glycemic control, vascular function, and components of the metabolic syndrome in obese hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Aging Male. 2018;21(3):158–169. doi: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1468429.
  • Moghanaki D, Howard LE, De Hoedt A, et al. Validity of the national death index to ascertain the date and cause of death in men having undergone prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2019;22(4):633–635. doi: 10.1038/s41391-019-0146-1.