Economic and environmental comparison of conventional and conservation agriculture in South African wheat production

References

• Agricultural Research Council [ARC] - Small Grain. 2021. Guideline 2021 - Production of Small Grains in the Winter Rainfall Area. Bethlehem, South Africa: ARC.
   Google Scholar
• Ala-Kokko, K., L. Nalley, A. Shew, J. Tack, P. Chaminuka, M. Matlock, and M. D’Haese. 2021. Economic and ecosystem impacts of GM maize in South Africa. Global Food Security 29: 100544.
   Google Scholar
• Archer, E., W. Landman, J. Malherbe, M. Tadross, and S. Pretorius. 2019. South Africa’s winter rainfall region drought: A region in transition? Climate Risk Management 25: 100188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blignaut, J., J. Knot, H. Smith, N. Nkambule, D. Crookes, A. Saki, S. Drimie, S. Midgley, M. de Wit, W. von Loeper, et al. 2015. Promoting and advancing the uptake of sustainable, regenerative, conservation agricultural practices in South Africa with a specific focus on dryland maize and extensive beef production. Asset Research 2: 19.
   Google Scholar
• Brentrup, F., J. Küsters, J. Lammel, P. Barraclough, and H. Kuhlmann. 2004. Environmental impact assessment of agricultural production systems using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology II. The application to N fertilizer use in winter wheat production systems. European Journal of Agronomy 20, no. 3: 265–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerutti, A.K., S. Bruun, D. Donno, G.L. Beccaro, and G. Bounous. 2013. Environmental sustainability of traditional foods: The case of ancient apple cultivars in northern Italy assessed by multifunctional LCA. Journal of Cleaner Production 52: 245–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbeels, M., K. Naudin, A.M. Whitbread, R. Kühne, and P. Letourmy. 2020. Limits of conservation agriculture to overcome low crop yields in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nature Food 1, no. 7: 447–454.
   Google Scholar
• de Kock, L., E. Vienings, A. Blignaut, W. Pretorius, P. Fourie, and H. Smith. 2018. Determining the carbon footprint intensity of different winter grain farming regimes in the western cape. Pretoria: Grain SA.
   Google Scholar
• Durand-Morat, A., L.L. Nalley, and G. Thoma. 2018. The implications of red rice on food security. Global Food Security 18: 62–75.
   Google Scholar
• Durlinger, B., E. Koukouna, R. Broekema, M. van Paassen, and J. Scholten. 2017. Agri-footprint 4.0-Part 1: Methodology and basic principles. Agri-Footprint: Gouda, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Findlater, K.M., M. Kandlikar, and T. Satterfield. 2019. Misunderstanding conservation agriculture: Challenges in promoting, monitoring and evaluating sustainable farming. Environmental Science & Policy 100: 47–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giller, K.E., E. Witter, M. Corbeels, and P. Tittonell. 2009. Conservation agriculture and smallholder farming in Africa: The heretics’ view. Field Crops Research 114, no. 1: 23–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi, K. 2013. Practical recommendations for supporting agricultural decisions through life cycle assessment based on two alternative views of crop production: The example of organic conversion. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 18, no. 2: 331–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Standard Organization [ISO]. 2006. ISO 14040: environmental management-life cycle assessment-principles and framework. Geneva: ISO.
   Google Scholar
• Jolliet, O., R. Müller-Wenk, J. Bare, A. Brent, M. Goedkoop, R. Heijungs, N. Itsubo, et al. 2004. The LCIA midpoint-damage framework of the UNEP/SETAC life cycle initiative. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 9, no. 6: 394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassam, A.H., T. Friedrich, and R. Derpsch. 2019. Global spread of conservation agriculture. International Journal of Environmental Studies 76, no. 1: 29–51.
   Google Scholar
• Kassam, A.H., T. Friedrich, and R. Derpsch. 2022. State of the global adoption and spread of conservation agriculture. In Advances in conservation agriculture volume 3: Adoption and spread, ed. Amir Kassam, 1–13. Cambridge, UK: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Knot, J. 2014. Promoting conservation agriculture and commercial farmers in the eastern free state. PhD diss., University of the Free State. https://scholar.ufs.ac.za/handle/11660/1490.
   Google Scholar
• Knott, S.C. 2015. An analysis of the financial implications of different tillage systems within different crop rotations in the Swartland area of the Western Cape, South Africa. MS thesis. Stellenbosch University.
   Google Scholar
• Knott, S., W. Hoffmann, and J. Strauss. 2017. The whole farm financial implications of different tillage systems on different crop rotations in the Swartland area of the western cape, South Africa. International Farm Management Association and Institute of Agricultural Management 6, no. 1: 20–31.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrance, K.F., M.A. Prinsloo, and W.A.J. Berry. 1999. Long and short term effects of tillage systems on grain yield, the incidence of diseases and production costs for maize. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 16, no. 2: 85–91.
   Google Scholar
• Masuda, K. 2016. Measuring eco-efficiency of wheat production in Japan: A combined application of life cycle assessment and data envelopment analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production 126: 373–381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, J.P., D.C. Reicosky, E.A. Kueneman, J. Fisher, and D. Beck. 2019. Conservation agriculture systems. CABI Reviews 14, no. 001: 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Modiselle, S., A.J. Verschoor, and Johann Strauss. 2015. Western cape wheat producers and conservation agriculture technology uptake. SA Grain 17, no. 5: 50–51.
   Google Scholar
• Mudavanhu, S. 2015. The impact of economic policies and instruments on conservation agriculture in South Africa. MS thesis. Stellenbosch University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289532130_The_impact_of_economic_policies_and_instruments_on_conservation_agriculture_in_South_Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Nalley, L., F. Tsiboe, A. Durand-Morat, A. Shew, and G. Thoma. 2016. Economic and environmental impact of rice blast pathogen (Magnaporthe Oryzae) alleviation in the United States. PloS One 11, no. 12: e0167295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusinamhodzi, L., M. Corbeels, M.T. Van Wijk, M.C. Rufino, J. Nyamangara, and K.E. Giller. 2011. A meta-analysis of long-term effects of conservation agriculture on maize grain yield under rain-fed conditions. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 31, no. 4: 657–673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shew, A.M., J.B. Tack, L.L. Nalley, and P. Chaminuka. 2020. Yield reduction under climate warming varies among wheat cultivars in South Africa. Nature Communications 11, no. 1: 4408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, V.P., K.K. Barman, R. Singh, and A.R. Sharma. 2015. Weed management in conservation agriculture systems. In Conservation agriculture, eds. Muhammad Farooq, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique, 39–77. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, H.J. 2021. An assessment of the adoption of conservation agriculture in annual crop-livestock systems in South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, H.J., E. Kruger, J. Knot, and J.N. Blignaut. 2017. Conservation agriculture in South Africa: Lessons from case studies. In Conservation agriculture for Africa: Building resilient farming systems in a changing climate, eds. Amir H. Kassam, Saidi Mkomwa, and Theodor Friedrich, 214–245. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Southern African Grain Laboratory [SAGL]. 2021. South African wheat crop – quality report 2020/2021 season. Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, J.A., P.A. Swanepoel, H. Smith, and E.H. Smit. 2021. A history of conservation agriculture in South Africa. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 38, no. 3: 196–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanepoel, C.M., L.H. Swanepoel, and H.J. Smith. 2018. A review of conservation agriculture research in South Africa. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 35, no. 4: 297–306.
   Google Scholar
• Thierfelder, C., L. Rusinamhodzi, A.R. Ngwira, W. Mupangwa, I. Nyagumbo, G.T. Kassie, and J.E. Cairns. 2015. Conservation agriculture in Southern Africa: Advances in knowledge. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 4: 328–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricase, C., E. Lamonaca, C. Ingrao, J. Bacenetti, and A.L. Giudice. 2018. A comparative life cycle assessment between organic and conventional barley cultivation for sustainable agriculture pathways. Journal of Cleaner Production 172: 3747–3759.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Department of Agriculture [USDA]. 2020. Grain and feed annual: Republic of South Africa. Washington, DC: USDA – Global Agricultural Information Network [GAIN]. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=GrainandFeedAnnual_Pretoria_South Africa-Republic of_03-19-2020.
   Google Scholar
• van Antwerpen, R., M.C. Laker, D.J. Beukes, J.J. Botha, A. Collett, and M. du Plessis. 2021. Conservation agriculture farming systems in rainfed annual crop production in South Africa. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 38, no. 3: 202–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser, M.H. 2014. Influence of cropping sequence on wheat production under conservation agriculture in the eastern free state. MS thesis. University of the Free State.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, G., R. Shi, L. Mi, and J. Hu. 2022. Agricultural eco-efficiency: Challenges and progress. Sustainability 14, no. 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidema, B.P. 2009. Using the budget constraint to monetarise impact assessment results. Ecological Economics 68, no. 6: 1591–1598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidema, B.P. 2015. Comparing three life cycle impact assessment methods from an endpoint perspective. Journal of Industrial Ecology 19, no. 1: 20–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidema, B.P., M. Wesnæs, J. Hermansen, T. Kristensen, N. Halberg, P. Eder, and L. Delgado. 2008. Environmental improvement potentials of meat and dairy products. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports.
   Google Scholar
• Wernet, G., C. Bauer, B. Steubing, J. Reinhard, E. Moreno-Ruiz, and B.P. Weidema. 2016. The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I): Overview and methodology. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 21, no. 9: 1218–1230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Western Cape Department of Agriculture. 2021. Agricultural research data – cropping systems trials in Langgewens and Tygerhoek 2002–2020. Elsenburg: Western Cape Department of Agriculture.
   Google Scholar