Does a change in moral neutralization from early to mid-adolescence predict a change in delinquency?

References

• Allison, P. D. (2002). Missing data. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Asscher, J. J., Wissink, I. B., Deković, M., Prinzie, P., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2014). Delinquent behavior, poor relationship quality with parents, and involvement with deviant peers in delinquent and nondelinquent adolescents: Different processes, informant bias, or both? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 58(9), 1001–1019. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X13491389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development (Vol. 1, pp. 45–103). Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barriga, A. Q., & Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Measuring cognitive distortion in antisocial youth: Development and preliminary validation of the “How I Think” questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior, 22(5), 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:5<333::AID-AB2>3.0.CO;2-K
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brännström, L., Kaunitz, C., Andershed, A.-K., South, S., & Smedslund, G. (2016). Aggression replacement training (ART) for reducing antisocial behavior in adolescents and adults: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 27, 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, D. S. (1976–1980). National youth survey (United States): Waves 1-5, 1976-1980. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research.
   Google Scholar
• Esbensen, F.-A. (2002, September). National evaluation of the gang resistance education and training (G.R.E.A.T.) program: Final report (94-IJ-CX-0058). U.S. Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, L. M., & Wormith, J. S. (2013). A meta-analysis of moral reconation therapy. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(9), 1076–1106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X12447771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendreau, P., Little, T., & Goggin, C. (1996). A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism: What works! Criminology, 34(1), 575–607. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01220.x
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, J. C., Potter, G. B., & Goldstein, A. P. (1995). The EQUIP program: Teaching youth to think and act responsibly through a peer-helping approach: Research press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, A. P. (1999). The prepare curriculum. Research Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hamlyn, B., Maxwell, C., Hales, J., & Tait, C. (2003). The 2003 crime and justice survey (England and Wales) (Technical report). National Centre for Social Research/BMRB Social Research.
   Google Scholar
• Helmond, P., Overbeek, G., & Brugman, D. (2012). Program integrity and effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral intervention for incarcerated youth on cognitive distortions, social skills, and moral development. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(9), 1720–1728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmond, P., Overbeek, G., & Brugman, D. (2014). Boosting program integrity and effectiveness of the cognitive behavioral program EQUIP for incarcerated youth in the Netherlands. Children and Youth Services Review, 39(10), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.01.022
   Google Scholar
• Helmond, P., Overbeek, G., Brugman, D., & Gibbs, J. C. (2015). A meta-analysis on cognitive distortions and externalizing problem behavior: Associations, moderators, and treatment effectiveness. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42(3), 245–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854814552842
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. (1983). Age and the explanation of crime. American Journal of Sociology, 89(3), 552–584. https://doi.org/10.1086/227905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics for windows (Version 26.0).
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J., & Bushway, S. D. (2018). Using longitudinal self-report data to study the age-crime relationship. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 34(2), 367–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-017-9338-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. (1981). Essays on moral development, vol. 1: The philosophy of moral development. Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Laible, D. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2000). Mother–child discourse, attachment security, shared positive affect, and early conscience development. Child Development, 71(5), 1424–1440. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, R. M. (1993). Early adolescence: Toward an agenda for the integration of research, policy, and intervention. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Early adolescence: Perspectives on research, policy, and intervention (pp. 1–13). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Little, G. L., & Robinson, K. D. (1988). Moral reconation therapy: A systematic step-by-step treatment system for treatment resistant clients. Psychological Reports, 62(1), 135–151. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.62.1.135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, S. (2015). Is the shape of the age-crime curve invariant by sex? Evidence from a national sample with flexible non-parametric modeling. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31(1), 93–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-014-9225-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruna, S., & Copes, H. (2005). What have we learned from five decades of neutralization research? Crime and Justice, 32, 221–320. https://doi.org/10.1086/655355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matza, D. (1964). Delinquency and drift. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. (1998-2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Muthén and Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Paternoster, R. (2001). Youths and deterrence: Columbia, South Carolina, 1979-1981 [Computer file]. 2nd ICPSR version. University of Maryland [producer], 1985. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].
   Google Scholar
• Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. ( P. Kegan, Trans.). Trench, Trubner and Co.
   Google Scholar
• Quetelet, A. (1984). Research on the propensity for crime at different ages. ( S. F. Sylvester, Trans.). Anderson. ( Original work published 1831).
   Google Scholar
• Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Hoof, A. V. (2005). Delinquency and moral reasoning in adolescence and young adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(3), 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/01650250544000035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. (2010). Are moral disengagement, neutralization techniques, and self-serving cognitive distortions the same? Developing a unified scale of moral neutralization of aggression. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 4(2), 298–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocque, M., Posick, C., & Hoyle, J. (2015). Age and crime. In W. G. Jennings (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment (pp. 1–8). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Skowronek, S. E. (2022). Denial: A conceptual framework to improve honesty nudges. Current Opinion in Psychology, 48, 101456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, A. L., & Scherer, J. (Eds.). (2021, November). Desistance from crime: Implications for research, policy, and practice. National Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Stander, J., Farrington, D. P., & Lubert, C. (2022). Understanding how offending prevalence and frequency change with age in the Cambridge study in delinquent development using Bayesian statistical models. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. On-line first. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-022-09544-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffensmeier, D., Lu, Y., & Kumar, S. (2019). Age-crime relation in India: Similarity or divergence vs. Hirschi/Gottfredson inverted j-shaped projection? British Journal of Criminology, 59(1), 144–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffensmeier, D., Lu, Y., & Na, C. (2020). Age and crime in South Korea: Cross-national challenge to invariance thesis. Justice Quarterly, 37(3), 410–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2018.1550208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeten, G. (2012). Scaling criminal offending. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 28(3), 533–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-011-9160-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sykes, G. M., & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 664–670. https://doi.org/10.2307/2089195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornberry, T. P., & Krohn, M. D. (2000). The self-report method for measuring delinquency and crime. Criminal Justice, 4, 33–83.
   Google Scholar
• van Stam, M. A., van der Schuur, W. A., Tserkezis, S., van Vugt, E. S., Asscher, J. J., Gibbs, J. C., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2014). The effectiveness of EQUIP on sociomoral development and recidivism reduction: A meta-analytic study. Children and Youth Services Review, 38, 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Vugt, E., Gibbs, J., Stams, G. J., Bijleveld, C., Hendriks, J., & van der Laan, P. (2011). Moral development and recidivism: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55(8), 1234–1250. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X11396441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, G. D. (2018). Resistance to peer influence and crime desistance in emerging adulthood: A moderated mediation analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 42(6), 520–530. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, G. D. (2022a). Changes in criminal thinking from midadolecence to early adulthood: Does trajectory direction matter? Law and Human Behavior, 46(2), 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, G. D. (2022b). Conscience and delinquency: A developmentally informed meta-analysis. Developmental Review, 65 101026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2022.101026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, G. D., Kremser, J., & Runell, L. L. (2017, November). Psychosocial correlates of bullying in middle school youth [Paper presented]. American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, M., & Bodner, T. E. (2007). Growth mixture modeling: Identifying and predicting unobserved subpopulations with longitudinal data. Organizational Research Methods, 10(4), 635–656. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428106289397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, M. (2014). Flint [Michigan] adolescent study (FAS): A longitudinal study of school dropout and substance use, 1994-1997. ICPSR34598-v1. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR34598.v1
   Google Scholar