References
- Antonovsky, A. (1967). Social class, life expectancy and overall mortality. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 45(2), 31–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/3348839
- Backer, J. (1961). Dødeligheten og dens årsaker i Norge 1856–1955 [Trends of mortality and causes of death in Norway 1856–1955]. Samfunnsøkonomiske Studier Nr. 10. Statistisk sentralbyrå.
- Balsvik, R. R. (1991). Kvinner i nordnorske kystsamfunn [Women in the nothernmost coastal communities of Norway]. Historisk Tidsskrift, 4, 636–653.
- Bengtsson, T., Dribe, M., & Helgertz, J. (2020). When Did the health gradient emerge? Social class and adult mortality in Southern Sweden, 1813–2015. Demography, 57(3), 953–977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-020-00877-5
- Bengtsson, T., & van Poppel, F. (2011). Socioeconomic inequalities in death from past to present: An introduction. Explorations in Economic History, 48(3), 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2011.05.004
- Berntsen, K. N. (2011). Trends in total and cause-specific mortality by marital status among elderly Norwegian men and women. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 537. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-537
- Blane, D. (2006). The life course, the social gradient, and health. In M. Marmot, & R. G. Wilkinson (Eds.), Social determinants of health (pp. 54–77). Oxford University Press.
- Borgan, J.-K. (2007). Farligere i byen? Dødelighetsforskjeller by og land 1875–2005 [More dangerous in the city? Differences in urban and rural mortality 1875–2005]. In R. R. Bore (Ed.), På liv og død. Helsestatistikk i 150 år (pp. 89–104). Statistics Norway.
- Borgan, J.-K. (2009). Vedvarende ulikhet i dødelighet etter yrke [Persistent inequality in mortality by occupation]. Økonomiske analyser 3/2009. Statistics Norway.
- Brenn, T. (2019). Survival to Age 90 in Men: The Tromsø study 1974–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112028
- Breslow, L., & Buell, P. (1960). Mortality from coronary heart disease and physical activity of work in California. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 11(3–4), 421–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(60)90047-3
- Chapin, C. V. (1924). Deaths among taxpayers and non-taxpayers income tax, Providence, 1865. American Journal of Public Health, 14(8), 647–651. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.14.8.647-a
- Clouston, S. A., Rubin, M. S., Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2016). A social history of disease: Contextualizing the rise and fall of social inequalities in cause-specific mortality. Demography, 53(5), 1631–1656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0495-5
- Debiasi, E., & Dribe, M. (2020). SES inequalities in cause-specific adult mortality: A study of the long-term trends using longitudinal individual data for Sweden (1813–2014). European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(11), 1043–1056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00685-6
- Dribe, M., & Eriksson, B. (2018). Socioeconomic status and adult life expectancy in early 20th-century Sweden: Evidence from full-count Micro census data. Lund Papers in Economic Demography, 2018(1).
- Edvinsson, S., & Broström, G. (2012). Old age, health, and social inequality: Exploring the social patterns of mortality in 19th century northern Sweden. Demographic Research, 26, 633–659. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2012.26.23
- Edvinsson, S., & Broström, G. (2020). Is high social class always beneficial for survival? A study of northern Sweden 1801–2013. CEDAR Working Papers (Vol. 2). Centre for Demographic and Ageing Research.
- Edvinsson, S., & Lindkvist, M. (2011). Wealth and health in 19th century Sweden. A study of social differences in adult mortality in the sundsvall region. Explorations in Economic History, 48(3), 376–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2011.05.007
- Engelsen, R. (1983). Mortalitetsdebatten og sosiale skilnader i mortalitet [The mortality debate and social differences in mortality]. Historisk Tidsskrift, 62(2), 161–202.
- Fure, E. (2002). Social differences in infant mortality in the Norwegian Parish Asker and Bærum 1814–1878. Hygiea Internationalis, 3(1), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.3384/hygiea.1403-8668.0231177
- Gagnon, A., & Bohnert, N. (2012). Early life socioeconomic conditions in rural areas and old-age mortality in twentieth-century Quebec. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 75(8), 1497–1504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.06.007
- Gavrilov, L. A., & Gavrilova, N. S. (2012). Biodemography of exceptional longevity: Early-life and Mid-life predictors of human longevity. Biodemography and Social Biology, 58(1), 14–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2012.666121
- Haavet, I. E. (1994). Retten til en verdig alderdom [The right to dignified ageing]. In Ø Bjørnson, & I. E. Haavet (Eds.), Langsomt ble landet et velferdssamfunn. Trygdens historie 1894-1994 (pp. 139–157). Ad Notam Gyldendal.
- Helland-Hansen, K. (1997). Føderådsordningens historie i Norge. Del 1 [The history of retirement contracts in Norway. Part 1]. Riksarkivaren.
- Hoffmann, R. (2008). Socioeconomic differences in old age mortality. Springer.
- Holom, E. C., Hărăguş, M., & Bolovan, I. (2021). Socioeconomic and marital-status inequalities in longevity: Adult mortality in Transylvania, 1850–1914. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 51(4), 533–564. https://doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01627
- Huisman, M., Read, S., Towriss, C. A., Deeg, D. J. H., & Grundy, E. (2013). Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality rates in old age in the world health organization Europe region. Epidemiologic Reviews, 35(1), 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxs010
- Kinge, J. M., Modalsli, J. H., Overland, S., Gjessing, H. K., Tollanes, M. C., Knudsen, A. K., Skirbekk, V., Strand, B. H., Haberg, S. E., & Vollset, S. E. (2019). Association of household income with life expectancy and cause-specific mortality in Norway, 2005–2015. Jama, 321(19), 1916–1925. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.4329
- Lavik, G. (1932). Om tjærebrenning i Målselv [Tar making in Målselv]. Tidskrift for skogbruk, 32, 213–227.
- Lie, E., & Roll-Hansen, H. (2001). Faktisk talt. Statistikkens historie i Norge [As a matter of fact. The history of statistics in Norway]. Universitetsforlaget.
- Lindbekk, K. (2016). Fast og tilstrekkelig levebrød. Livsløpene til trøndere født i 1855 og foreldrene deres. 1815-1910 [Sufficient and sustainable livelihoods. A life course study of the cohort 1855 from Trøndelag and their parents. 1815-1910]. Doctoral dissertation. University of Oslo.
- Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. (1995). Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 80–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/2626958
- Lund, K. E. (1996). Samfunnsskapte endringer i tobakksbruk i Norge i det 20. århundre [Societal changes in tobacco use in Norway in the 20th century]. Doctoral dissertation. University of Oslo.
- Mackenbach, J. P. (2019). Health inequalities. Persistence and change in European welfare states (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Mamelund, S. E. (2006). A socially neutral disease? Individual social class, household wealth and mortality from spanish influenza in two socially contrasting parishes in Kristiania 1918–19. Social Science & Medicine, 62(4), 923–940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.051
- Mandemakers, K., Hornix, J., Mourits, R., Muurling, S., Boter, C., van Dijk, I. K., Maas, I., van de Putte, B., Zijdeman, R., Lambert, P., van Leeuwen, M. H. D., van Poppel, F., & Miles, A. (2020). HSN standardized, HISCO-coded and classified occupational titles, HSN release 2020.02. IISG Amsterdam. https://hdl.handle.net/2066/226570
- Marmot, M. (2004). Status syndrome. How your place on the social gradient directly affects your health. Bloomsbury.
- Moilanen, M., Myhr, S., & Østbye, S. (2021). Scraping the bottom of the barrel? Evidence on social mobility and internal migration from rural areas in nineteenth-century Norway. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 70(3), 252–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1901775
- Mourits, R. (2017). Later-Life mortality and longevity in late-18th and 19th-century cohorts. Where are We Now, and where Are We heading? Historical Life Course Studies, 4, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9336
- Myhre, J. E. (2004). The middle classes of Norway, 1840–1940. In T. Ericsson, J. Fink, & J. E. Myhre (Eds.), The Scandinavian middle classes 1840–1940 (pp. 103–145). Oslo Academic Press.
- Myhre, J. E. (2006). Den eksplosive byutviklingen 1830–1920 [The rapid urban development 1830–1920]. In K. Helle, F.-E. Eliassen, J. E. Myhre, & O. S. Stugu (Eds.), Norsk byhistorie. Urbanisering gjennom 1300 år (pp. 249–381). Pax Forlag.
- Myhre, J. E. (2018). The cradle of Norwegian equality and Egalitarianism: Norway in the nineteenth century. In S. Bendixsen, M. B. Bringslid, & H. Vike (Eds.), Egalitarianism in Scandinavia: Historical and contemporary perspectives (pp. 65–85). Springer International Publishing.
- Nordhagen, R., Grøholt, E., Graff-Iversen, S., & Major, E. (2018). Folkehelse i Norge 1814–2014 [Public health in Norway 1814–2014]. In Folkehelserapporten - Helsetilstanden i Norge. Folkehelseinstituttet. Retrieved June 6, 2023 from https://www.fhi.no/nettpub/hin/folkehelse-i-historien/folkehelse-i-norge-1814—2014/
- Nordic Social-Statistical Committee. (2009). Old-age pension systems in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Social-Statistical Committee, 35(9).
- Norges officielle statistik (NOS). (1902). Beretning om sundhetstilstanden og medicinalforholdene i Norge 1900 [Report on health and medical conditions in Norway 1900]. Direktøren for det civile Medicinalvæsen. https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_iv_055.pdf
- Norges officielle statistik (NOS). (1912). Sundhetstilstanden og medicinalforholdene 1910 [Health and medical conditions 1910]. Direktøren for det civile Medicinalvæsen. https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_v_181.pdf
- Norges officielle statistik (NOS). (1913). Sundhetstilstanden og medicinalforholdene 1911 [Health and medical conditions 1911]. Direktøren for det civile Medicinalvæsen. https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_v_216.pdf
- Norges officielle statistik (NOS). (1918). Sundhetstilstanden og medicinalforholdene 1915 [Health and medical conditions 1915]. Direktøren for det civile Medicinalvæsen. https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_vi_133.pdf
- Paping, R. (2010). Taxes, property size, occupations and social structure: The case of the 18th- and 19th-century northern Dutch countryside. Belgisch Tijdschrift Voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis, 40(1–2), 215–248.
- Petrovic, D., de Mestral, C., Bochud, M., Bartley, M., Kivimäki, M., Vineis, P., Mackenbach, J., & Stringhini, S. (2018). The contribution of health behaviors to socioeconomic inequalities in health: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 113, 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.05.003
- Prus, S. G. (2007). Age, SES, and health: A population level analysis of health inequalities over the lifecourse. Sociology of Health & Illness, 29(2), 275–296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.00547.x
- Puschmann, P., Donrovich, R., & Matthijs, K. (2017). Salmon Bias or Red Herring? Human Nature, 28(4), 481–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-017-9303-1
- Schenk, N., & van Poppel, F. (2011). Social class, social mobility and mortality in The Netherlands, 1850–2004. Explorations in Economic History, 48(3), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2011.05.010
- Seip, A.-L. (1994). Sosialhjelpstaten blir til. Norsk Sosialpolitikk 1740–1920 [The development of the welfare state. Norwegian social policy 1740-1920] (Vol. 2). Gyldendahl.
- Sommerseth, H. L. (2011). The effect of ethnicity and economy upon Intergenerational Coresidence: Northern Norway during the last part of the nineteenth century. Journal of Family History, 36(3), 263–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363199011406634
- Sommerseth, H. L., & Thorvaldsen, G. (2022). The impact of microdata in Norwegian historiography 1970 to 2020. Historical Life Course Studies, 12, 18–41. https://doi.org/10.51964/hlcs11675
- Statistics Norway. (2021). Forventet gjenstående levetid etter kjønn og utvalgte alderstrinn 1821-2020 [Remaining life expectancy by sex and selected age groups 1821-2020]. Retrieved June 6, 2023 from https://www.ssb.no/statbank/table/05862/
- Strand, B. H., Steingrimsdottir, O. A., Groholt, E. K., Ariansen, I., Graff-Iversen, S., & Naess, O. (2014). Trends in educational inequalities in cause specific mortality in Norway from 1960 to 2010: A turning point for educational inequalities in cause specific mortality of Norwegian men after the millennium? BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1208. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1208
- Stugu, O. S. (2006). Mot et urbanisert land? 1920–2000 [Towards an urbanised country? 1920–2000]. In K. Helle, F.-E. Eliassen, J. E. Myhre, & O. S. Stugu (Eds.), Norsk byhistorie. Urbanisering gjennom 1300 år (pp. 385–507). Pax Forlag.
- Stugu, O. S. (2012). Norsk historie etter 1905. Vegen mot velstandslandet [Norwegian history after 1905]. Det Norske Samlaget.
- Sundt, E. R. (1870). Om fattigforholdene i Christiania. Fra den ved Christiania Repræsentantskabs Beslutning af 9de September 1868 nedsatte Kommitte [On poverty in Christiania]. J Chr Gundersens Bogtrykkeri.
- Temby, O. F., & Smith, K. R. (2014). The association between adult mortality risk and family history of longevity: The moderating effects of socioeconomic status. Journal of Biosocial Science, 46(6), 703–716. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932013000515
- Texmon, I. (2022). Dødelighet etter yrke. Utvikling etter 2000 [Mortality by occupational group. Development after 2000]. Statistics Norway.
- Therneau, T. (2022). A Package for Survival Analysis in R. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=survival
- Thorvaldsen, G. (1995). Migrasjon i Troms i annen halvdel av 1800-tallet. En kvantitativ analyse av folketellingene 1865, 1875 og 1900 [Migration in Troms province in the second half of the 19th century. A quantitative analysis of censuses 1865, 1875 and 1900]. Doctoral dissertation. UiT The Arctic University of Norway.
- Thorvaldsen, G., Andersen, T., & Sommerseth, H. (2015). Record linkage in the historical population register for Norway. In G. Bloothooft, P. Christen, K. Mandemakers, & M. Schraagen (Eds.), Population reconstruction (pp. 155–172). Springer.
- van den Berg, N., van Dijk, I. K., Mourits, R. J., Slagboom, P. E., Janssens, A. A. P. O., & Mandemakers, K. (2021). Families in comparison: An individual-level comparison of life-course and family reconstructions between population and vital event registers. Popul Stud (Camb), 75(1), 91–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2020.1718186
- van de Putte, B., & Miles, A. (2005). A social classification scheme for historical occupational data: Partner selection and industrialism in Belgium and England, 1800–1918. Historical Methods, 38(2), 61–92. https://doi.org/10.3200/HMTS.38.2.61-94
- van de Putte, B., & Svensson, P. (2010). Measuring social structure in a rural context. Applying the SOCPO scheme to Scania, Sweden (17th-20th century). Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis, 40(1–2), 249–293.
- van Leeuwen, M. H. D., & Maas, I. (2011). HISCLASS. A historical international social class scheme. Leuven University Press.
- van Leeuwen, M. H. D., Maas, I., & Miles, A. (2002). HISCO: Historical international standard classification of occupations. Leuven University Press.
- van Poppel, F., Jennissen, R., & Mandemakers, K. (2009). Time trends in social class mortality differentials in The Netherlands, 1820–1920: An assessment based on indirect estimation techniques. Social Science History, 33(2), 119–153.