Trends in the desegregation of former Whites-only state schools in Pretoria (South Africa): a time-space investigation

References

• Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Amnesty International. (2020). Broken and unequal – the state of education in South Africa. Amnesty International, Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Amsterdam, C. E. N., Nkomo, M., & Weber, E. (2012). School desegregation trends in Gauteng. African Education Review, 9(1), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2012.683597
   Google Scholar
• Battersby, J. (2004). Cape Town’s model C schools: Desegregated and desegregating spaces? Urban Forum, 15(3), 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-004-004-6
   Google Scholar
• Behr, A. L. (1988). Education in South Africa – origins, issues and trends: 1652-1988. Academica.
   Google Scholar
• Bennet, J., Le-Treweek, G., & Vandeyar, S. (2015). Contested spaces: Ethnicity and power in the world’s classrooms. Power & Education, 7(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757743815586510
   Google Scholar
• Bonal, X., Bellei, C. (2018). Understanding school segregation. Patterns, causes and consequences of spatial inequality in education. Bloomsbury. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350033542
   Google Scholar
• Boterman, W. R. (2019). The role of geography in school segregation in the free parental choice context of Dutch cities. Urban Studies, 56(15), 3074–3094. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019832201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K. (2006). “New” educational injustices in the “New” South Africa: A call for justice in the form of vertical equity. Journal of Educational Administration, 44(5), 509–519. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230610683787
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, B., & De Tona, C. (2019). All in the mix – race, class and school choice. Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carim, N. (1992). Desegregation in coloured and Indian schooling. University of the Witwatersrand.
   Google Scholar
• Chisholm, L., & Sujee, M. (2006). Tracking racial desegregation in South African schools. Journal of Education, 4, 141–159. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA0259479X_77
   Google Scholar
• Chisholm, L., Vally, S., & Motala, S. (1998). Review of South African education 1994-1997. Education Policy Centre, University of the Witwatersrand.
   Google Scholar
• Christie, P. (1990). Open schools: Racially mixed Catholic schools in South Africa, 1976-1986. Ravan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Christie, P. (1991). The right to learn: The struggle for education in South Africa. Sached Trust.
   Google Scholar
• Christie, P. 2020. Decolonising schools in South Africa. In The impossible dream?. Routlege. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367853624
   Google Scholar
• Christie, P., & McKinney, C. (2017). Decoloniality and “Model C” schools: Ethos, language and the protests of 2016. Education as Change, 21(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10/17159/1947-9417/2017.2332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopher, A. J. (1990). Apartheid and urban segregation levels in South Africa. Urban Studies, 27(3), 241–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989020080361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross, M. (1986). A historical review of education in South Africa: Towards an assessment. Comparative Education, 22(3), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305006860220302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2012). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Donaldson, R., Jurgens, U., & Bähr, J. (2003). Assessing inner city change in Pretoria: Social and spatial impacts. Acta Academica, 1, 1–33. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC15134
   Google Scholar
• Donaldson, R., & Kotze, N. (1996). Residential desegregation dynamics in the South African city of Polokwane (Pietersburg). Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 97(5), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2006.00364x
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, O. D., & Duncan, B. (1955). A methodological analysis of segregation indices. American Sociological Review, 20(2), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.2307/2088328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanon, F. (1963). The wretched of the earth. Grove Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fiske, B. F., & Ladd, H. F. (2004). Equity – educational reform in post-apartheid South Africa. Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grootboom, N. P. 2012. Desegregation in a former “Whites only” school in South Africa. [ Doctor of Philosophy dissertation]. Michigan State University.
   Google Scholar
• Gruijters, R., Elbers, B., & Reddy, V. 2022. School segregation in post-apartheid South Africa. Nuffield College Seminar, May 25, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, M. 2018. Understanding the sharp primary level enrolment increases, beginning 2011. Stellenbosch economic working papers: WPo8/2018. University of Stellenbosch.
   Google Scholar
• Henning, S., & Horn, A. C. (1994). The democratization and deracialization of white education in South Africa, 1990 to 1992. In Report GN05/94. University of Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Horn, A. C. (2002). Social transformation and racial desegregation: The case of schools in Northern Gauteng, South Africa. In W. Davies & I. Townshend (Eds.), Monitoring cities: International perspectives (pp. 525–540). IGU Urban Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Horn, A. C. (2021). Pretoria-Tshwane: Past, present and future urban changes. In A. Lemon, G. Visser, & R. Donaldson (Eds.), South African urban change three decades after apartheid. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73073-4_5
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, M. (2010). Racial desegregation and schooling in South Africa: Contested geographies of class formation. Environment & Planning A: Economy & Space, 42(11), 2640–2657. https://doi.org/10.1068/a439
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, M. (2019). Race for education – gender, white tone, and schooling in South Africa. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lemanski, C. L. (2006). Desegregation and integration as linked or distinct? Evidence from a previously ‘White’ suburb in post-apartheid Cape Town. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30(3), 564–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00676.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemon, A. (1994). Desegregation and privatisation in white South African schools: 1990–1992. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 12(2), 200–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589009408729557
   Google Scholar
• Lemon, A. (2005). Shifting geographies of social inclusion and exclusion: Secondary education in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. African Affairs, 104(414), 69–96. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adi002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemon, A., & Battersby Lennard, J. (2011). Studying together, living apart: Emerging geographies of school attendance in post-apartheid Cape Town. African Affairs, 110(438), 97–120. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adq062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemon, A., Donaldson, R., & Visser, G. (Eds). (2021). South African urban change three decades after apartheid. Homes still apart?. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73073-4
   Google Scholar
• Magee, J. C., & Smith, P. K. (2013). The social distance theory of power. Personality and Social Psychological Review, 17(2), 158–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868312472732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malherbe, E. G. (1977). Education in South Africa, volume II: 1923-1975. Juta.
   Google Scholar
• Marcum, J. A. (1982). Education, race, and social change in South Africa. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• McLeod, J. (2000). Beginning postcolonialism. Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mnuguni, P., & McKay, T. J. (2022). A divided schooling system: The spatial nature of secondary education in Ladybrand, Free State, South Africa. South African Geographical Journal, 104(3), 291–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2022.2035249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naidoo, J. (1996). Racial integration of public schools in South Africa. Education Policy Unit, University of Natal.
   Google Scholar
• Nkomo, M., & Vandeyar, S. (2008). In search of best practice in South African desegregated schools. HSRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, A., Hamann, C., & de Kadt, J. (2021). Accessing quality education in Gauteng: Intersecting scale of geography, education policy and inequality. Urban Forum, 32(2), 141–163.
   Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F., Tropp, L. R., Wagner, U., & Christ, O. (2011). Recent advances in intergroup contact theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(3), 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., & Levin, S. (2006). Social dominance theory and the dynamics of intergroup relations: Taking stock and looking forward. European Review of Social Psychology, 17(1), 271–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280601055772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saff, G. (1995). Residential desegregation in postapartheid South Africa: What can be learned from the United States experience. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 30(6), 782–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/107808749503000602
   Google Scholar
• Said, E. W. (1977). Orientalism. Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Sayed, Y., & Soudien, C. (2005). Decentralisation and the construction of inclusion educational policy in South Africa. Compare: A Journal of Comparative & International Education, 35(2), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305790500129916
   Google Scholar
• Sekete, P., Shilubane, M., & Moila, B. (2001). Deracialisation and migration of learners in South African schools. HSRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sidanius, J., & Petrocik, J. R. (2001). Communical and national identity in a multi-ethnic state – a comparison of three perspectives. In A. Ashmore, L. Jussim, & D. Wilder (Eds.), Social identity, intergroup conflict and conflict reduction (pp. 101–132). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Soudien, C. (2004). Constituting the class’: An analysis of the process on ‘integration’ in South African schools. In L. Chisholm (Ed.), Changing class – education and social change in post-apartheid South Africa (pp. 89–141). HSRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Soudien, C., Carrim, N., & Sayed, Y. (2004). School inclusion and exclusion in South Africa: Some theoretical and methodological considerations. In M. Nkomo, C. McKinney, & L. Chisholm (Eds.), Reflections on school integration (pp. 19–42). HSRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sujee, M. (2004). Deracialisation of Gauteng schools – a quantitative analysis. In M. Nkomo, M. M, & L. Chisholm (Eds.), Reflections on school integration (pp. 43–59). HSRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Swart, E., Engelbrecht, P., Eloff, I., & Pettipher, R. (2002). Implementing inclusive education in South Africa: Teachers’ attitudes and experiences. Acta Academica, 34, 175–189. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC15226
   Google Scholar
• Tabane, R., & Human-Vogel, S. (2010). Sense of belonging and social cohesion in a desegregated former House of Delegates school. South African Journal of Education, 30(3), 491–504. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v30n3a366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tihanyi, K. (2006). Blending the rainbow nation – the racial integration of schools and its implications for reconciliation in post-apartheid South Africa. Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Vally, S., & Dalamba, Y. 1999. Racism, ‘racial integration’ and desegregation in South African public secondary schools. Report on a study by the South African human rights commission. SAHRC.
   Google Scholar
• Zuma, B. (2010). The social psychology of (de)segregation: Rigorously studied and poorly conceptualized. Psychology & Society, 3, 92–106. https://www.academia.edu/866632/
   Google Scholar