246
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

“Those Bridges That Help You Get There”: How Natural Mentors Improve Social Support and Social Capital of Unaccompanied Immigrant Youths Leaving Residential Care

&

References

  • Ahrens, K. R., DuBois, D. L., Garrison, M., Spencer, R., Richardson, L. P., & Lozano, P. (2011). Qualitative exploration of relationships with important non-parental adults in the lives of youth in foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(6), 1012–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.01.006
  • Alarcón, X., Blanch, C., Bobowik, M., Garrido, M., De La Haba, E., Mestres, N., Prats-Brugat, E., Prieto-Flores, Ò., & Quintana, B., (2021). Análisis de los programas de mentoría social en España y su papel en la inclusión social de la población extranjera y en el fomento de la interculturalidad. MentoringApp. Retrieved March 5, 2022. from http://mentoringapp.udg.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Mentoria-CAST-2021.pdf
  • Alarcón, X., Bobowik, M., & Prieto-Flores, Ò. (2021). Mentoring for improving the self-esteem, resilience, and hope of unaccompanied migrant youth in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105210
  • Alarcón, X., & Prieto-Flores, Ò. (2021). Transnational family ties and networks of support for unaccompanied immigrant youths in Spain: The role of youth mentoring in Barcelona. Children and Youth Services Review, 128, 106140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106140
  • Arnau-Sabatés, L., Dworsky, A., Sala-Roca, J., & Courtney, M. E. (2021). Supporting youth transitioning from state care into adulthood in Illinois and Catalonia: Lessons from a cross-national comparison. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 105755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105755
  • Battisti, M., Giesing, Y., & Laurentsyeva, N. (2019). Can job search assistance improve the labour market integration of refugees? Evidence from a field experiment. Labour Economics, 61, 101745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.07.001
  • Beam, M. R., Chen, C., & Greenberger, E. (2002). The nature of adolescents’ relationships with their “very important” nonparental adults. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30(2), 305–325. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014641213440
  • Beyene, T., Anglin, M., Sanchez, W., & Ballou, M. (2002). Mentoring and relational mutuality: Protégés’ perspectives. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development, 41(1), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-490X.2002.tb00132.x
  • Brady, B., & Dolan, P. (2020). The importance of being present: Mentors as “presence practitioners. In Ò. Prieto-Flores & J. Feu (Eds.), Mentoring children and young people for social inclusion: Global approaches to empowerment (pp. 16–31). Routledge.
  • Brady, B., Dolan, P., & Canavan, J. (2015). ‘He told me to calm down and all that’: A qualitative study of forms of social support in youth mentoring relationships. Child & Family Social Work, 22(1), 266–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12235
  • Brady, B., Dolan, P., & McGregor, C. (2020). Formal youth mentoring for children in care and leaving care. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315147574
  • Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology. Theoretical models of human development (pp. 793–828). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0114
  • Bruce, M., & Bridgeland, J. (2014). The Mentoring Effect: Young People’s Perspectives on the Outcomes and Availability of Mentoring. Retrieved February 22, 2022. from https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/mentoring-effect-young-peoples-perspectives-outcomes-and
  • Burt, R. (2009). Network duality of social capital. In V. O. Bartkus & J. H. Davis (Eds.), Social capital: Reaching out, reaching in (pp. 39–65). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Chase, E., Knight, A., & Statham, J. (2008). Promoting the emotional well-Being of unaccompanied young people seeking asylum in the UK. British Association for Adoption & Fostering (BAAF). Retrieved January 25, 2022. from https://documentation.lastradainternational.org/lsidocs/The_Emotional_Wellbeing_of_Unaccompanied_Young_People_Seeking_Asylum_in_the_UK.pdf
  • Crivello, G. (2015). ‘There’s no future here’: The time and place of children’s migration aspirations in Peru. Geoforum, 62, 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.03.016
  • Cutrona, C. E. (2000). Social support principles for strengthening families. In J. Canavan, P. Dolan, & J. Pinkerton (Eds.), Family support: Direction from diversity (pp. 103–122). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1990). Type of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 319–366). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Darling, N., Hamilton, S. F., & Shaver, K. (2003). Relationships outside the family: Unrelated adults. In G. R. Adams & M. D. Berzonsky (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of adolescence (pp. 349–370). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
  • De Graeve, K., & Bex, C. (2016). Imageries of family and nation: A comparative analysis of transnational adoption and care for unaccompanied minors in Belgium. Childhood, 23(4), 492–505. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568215613421
  • Deterding, N. M., & Waters, M. C. (2021). Flexible coding of in-depth interviews: A twenty-first-century approach. Sociological Methods & Research, 50(2), 708–739. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124118799377
  • DuBois, D. L., & Karcher, M. J. (2005). Handbook of youth mentoring. SAGE Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412976664
  • DuBois, D. L., Neville, H. A., Parra, G. R., & Pugh-Lilly, A. O. (2002). Testing a new model of mentoring. In J. E. Rhodes (Ed.), A critical view of youth mentoring (pp. 21–57). Jossey-Bass.
  • DuBois, D. L., Portillo, N., Rhodes, J. E., Silverthorn, N., & Valentine, J. C. (2011). How effective are mentoring programs for youth? A systematic assessment of the evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 12(2), 57–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100611414806
  • Duke, T., Farruggia, S. P., & Germo, G. R. (2017). “I don’t know where I would be right now if it wasn’t for them”: Emancipated foster care youth and their important non-parental adults. Children and Youth Services Review, 76, 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.02.015
  • Eby, L. T., Allen, T. D., Hoffman, B. J., Baranik, L. E., Sauer, J. B., Baldwin, S., Morrison, M. A., Kinkade, K. M., Maher, C. P., Curtis, S., & Evans, S. C. (2013). An interdisciplinary meta-analysis of the potential antecedents, correlates, and consequences of protégé perceptions of mentoring. Psychological Bulletin, 139(2), 441. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029279
  • Eby, L. T., Rhodes, J. E., & Allen, T. D. (2007). Definition and evolution of mentoring. In T. D. Allen (Ed.), The Blackwell handbook of mentoring: A multiple perspectives approach (pp. 7–20). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Fahlberg, V. (2012). A child’s journey through placement. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Gilligan, R. (2007). Adversity, resilience and the educational progress of young people in public care. Emotional & Behavioural Difficulties, 12(2), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632750701315631
  • Greeson, J. K., & Bowen, N. K. (2008). “She holds my hand” the experiences of foster youth with their natural mentors. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(10), 1178–1188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.03.003
  • Hedenstrom, M. (2014). Aging out of foster care: The experiences of former foster youth who successfully navigated this transition. Georgia State University.
  • Herz, M., & Lalander, P. (2017). Being alone or becoming lonely? The complexity of portraying ‘unaccompanied children’ as being alone in Sweden. Journal of Youth Studies, 20(8), 1062–1076. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2017.1306037
  • Hiles, D., Moss, D., Wright, J., & Dallos, R. (2013). Young people’s experience of social support during the process of leaving care: A review of the literature. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(12), 2059–2071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.10.008
  • Holland, J., Reynolds, T., & Weller, S. (2007). Transitions, networks and communities: The significance of social capital in the lives of children and young people. Journal of Youth Studies, 10(1), 97–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260600881474
  • Horn, J. P., & Spencer, R. (2018). Natural mentoring to support the establishment of permanency for youth in foster care. In E. Trejos-Castillo & N. Trevino-Schafer (Eds.), Handbook of foster youth (pp. 173–189). Routledge.
  • Hurd, N. M., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2014). An analysis of natural mentoring relationship profiles and associations with mentees’ mental health: Considering links via support from important others. American Journal of Community Psychology, 53(1–2), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-013-9598-y
  • Jarjoura, G. R., Tanyu, M., Forbush, J., Herrera, C., & Keller, T. E. (2018). Enhancement demonstration program: Technical report. American Institutes for Research. Retrieved March 6, 2022. https://mentorhubapp.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/252167.pdf
  • Jaschke, P., Löbel, L. M., Krieger, M., Legewie, N., Kroh, M., Jacobsen, J., & Schacht, D. (2022). Mentoring as a grassroots effort for integrating refugees–evidence from a randomised field experiment. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(17), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2058918
  • Kauhanen, I., & Kaukko, M. (2020). Recognition in the lives of unaccompanied children and youth: A review of the key European literature. Child & Family Social Work, 25(4), 875–883. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12772
  • Kauhanen, I., Kaukko, M., & Lanas, M. (2022). Pockets of love. Unaccompanied children in institutional care in Finland. Children and Youth Services Review, 141, 106621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106621
  • Kaytaz, E. S. (2016). Afghan Journeys to Turkey: Narratives of immobility, travel and transformation. Geopolitics, 21(2), 284–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2016.1151874
  • Larson, R. (2006). Positive youth development, willful adolescents, and mentoring. Journal of Community Psychology, 34(6), 677–689. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20123
  • Liang, B., Bogat, A., & Duffy, N. (2014). Gender in mentoring relationships. In D. L. DuBois & M. J. Karcher (Eds.), Handbook of youth mentoring (2nd edition ed, pp. 159–174). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412996907.n11
  • Lin, N. (2001). Social capital: A theory of social structure and action. Cambridge University Press.
  • Månsson, J., & Delander, L. (2017). Mentoring as a way of integrating refugees into the labour market—evidence from a Swedish pilot scheme. Economic Analysis and Policy, 56, 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2017.08.002
  • McGregor, C., Lynch, M., & Brady, B. (2017). Youth mentoring as a form of support for children and young people at risk: Insights from research and practice. In P. Dolan & N. Frost (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of global child welfare (pp. 345–357). Routledge.
  • Meloni, F. (2019). The limits of freedom: Migration as a space of freedom and loneliness among Afghan unaccompanied migrant youth. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(2), 423–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1584703
  • Mirković, B., Brady, B., & Silke, C. (2021). Associations between non-parental adult support and youths’ individual and contextual characteristics. Child Care in Practice, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2020.1865875
  • Mische, A. (2009). Projects and possibilities: Researching futures in action. Sociological Forum, 24(3), 694–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01127.x
  • Munson, M. R., Smalling, S. E., Spencer, R., Scott, L. D., Jr., & Tracy, E. M. (2010). A steady presence in the midst of change: Non-kin natural mentors in the lives of older youth exiting foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(4), 527–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.11.005
  • Nunn, C., McMichael, C., Gifford, S. M., & Correa-Velez, I. (2014). ‘I came to this country for a better life’: Factors mediating employment trajectories among young people who migrated to Australia as refugees during adolescence. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(9), 1205–1220. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2014.901496
  • Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
  • Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1
  • Prieto-Flores, Ò., Feu, J., & Casademont, X. (2016). Assessing intercultural competence as a result of internationalization at home efforts: A case study from the nightingale mentoring program. Journal of Studies in International Education, 20(5), 437–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315316662977
  • Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster.
  • Raithelhuber, E. (2019). ‘If we want, they help us in any way’: How ‘unaccompanied refugee minors’ experience mentoring relationships. European Journal of Social Work, 24(2), 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2019.1606787
  • Raposa, E. B., Erickson, L. D., Hagler, M., & Rhodes, J. E. (2018). How economic disadvantage affects the availability and nature of mentoring relationships during the transition to adulthood. American Journal of Community Psychology, 61(1–2), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12228
  • Rhodes, J. E. (2005). A model of youth mentoring. In D. L. Dubois & M. J. Karcher,Eds, Handbook of youth mentoring (pp. 30–43). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412976664.n3
  • Rhodes, J. E. (2018). The Loudest signal in the noise: Acknowledging a remarkably consistent finding in youth mentoring. Retrieved February 28, 2022. from https://www.evidencebasedmentoring.org/the-loudest-signal-in-the-noise-a-remarkably-consistent-finding-in-youth-mentoring/
  • Rhodes, J. E., Contreras, J. M., & Mangelsdorf, S. C. (1994). Natural mentor relationships among Latina adolescent mothers: Psychological adjustment, moderating processes, and the role of early parental acceptance. American Journal of Community Psychology, 22(2), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02506863
  • Salazar, R. D. (2011). A social capital framework for the study of institutional agents and their role in the empowerment of low-status students and youth. Youth & Society, 43(3), 1066–1109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X10382877
  • Sánchez-Aragón, A., Belzunegui-Eraso, A., & Prieto-Flores, Ò. (2021). Results of mentoring in the psychosocial well-being of young immigrants and refugees in Spain. Healthcare, 9(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010013
  • Scales, P. C., Boat, A., & Pekel, K. (2020). Defining and measuring social capital for young people: A practical review of the literature on resource-full relationships. Search Institute. Retrieved March 3, 2022. from https://www.search-institute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/SOCAP-Lit-Review.pdf
  • Schwartz, S. E., Rhodes, J. E., Spencer, R., & Grossman, J. B. (2013). Youth initiated mentoring: Investigating a new approach to working with vulnerable adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 52(1), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-013-9585-3
  • Semo, R. (2011). Social capital and young people. Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth. Retrieved February 13, 2022. from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED524652.pdf
  • Spencer, R. (2007). Naturally occurring mentoring relationships involving youth. In T. D. Allen (Ed.), The Blackwell handbook of mentoring: A multiple perspectives approach (pp. 99–117). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Spencer, R., Tugenberg, T., Ocean, M., Schwartz, S. E., & Rhodes, J. E. (2016). “Somebody Who Was on My Side” a qualitative examination of youth initiated mentoring. Youth & Society, 48(3), 402–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X13495053
  • Squires, A. (2009). Methodological challenges in cross-language qualitative research: A research review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(2), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.08.006
  • Suárez‐Orozco, C., & Carhill, A. (2008). Afterword: New directions in research with immigrant families and their children. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, (121), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.224
  • Suarez-Orozco, C., Suarez-Orozco, M. M., & Todorova, I. (2008). Learning a new land: Immigrant students in American society. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Thompson, A. E., Greeson, J. K., & Brunsink, A. M. (2016). Natural mentoring among older youth in and aging out of foster care: A systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 61, 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.12.006
  • Van Dam, L., Smit, D., Wildschut, B., Branje, S. J. T., Rhodes, J. E., Assink, M., & Stams, G. J. J. (2018). Does natural mentoring matter? A multilevel meta‐analysis on the association between natural mentoring and youth outcomes. American Journal of Community Psychology, 62(1–2), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12248
  • Varga, S. M., & Zaff, J. F. (2018). Webs of support: An integrative framework of relationships, social networks, and social support for positive youth development. Adolescent Research Review, 3(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-017-0076-x
  • Wells, K. (2011). The strength of weak ties: The social networks of young, separated asylum seekers and refugees in London. Children’s Geographies, 9, 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2011.590710
  • Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1982). Vulnerable, but invincible: A study of resilient children. McGraw-Hill Companies.
  • Wernesjö, U. (2014). Landing in a rural village: Home and belonging from the perspectives of unaccompanied young refugees. Identities, 22(4), 451–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2014.962028
  • Young, J. P., Alvermann, D., Kaste, J., Henderson, S., & Many, J. (2004). Being a friend and a mentor at the same time: A pooled case comparison. Mentoring & Tutoring, 12(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/1361126042000183066
  • Yu, M. V. B., & Deutsch, N. L. (2021). Aligning social support to youth’s developmental needs: The role of nonparental youth–adult relationships in early and late adolescence. Applied Developmental Science, 25(2), 133–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2018.1548940
  • Zimmerman, M. A., Bingenheimer, J. B., & Behrendt, D. E. (2005). Natural mentoring relationships. In D. L. DuBois & M. J. Karcher (Eds.), Handbook of youth mentoring (pp. 143–157). SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Zinn, A. (2017). Predictors of natural mentoring relationships among former foster youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 79, 564–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.07.004

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.