USE OF COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS MODELS FOR DOSIMETRY OF INHALED GASES IN THE NASAL PASSAGES

REFERENCES

• Asgharian, B., and Anjilvel, S. 1994. Inertial and gravitational deposition of particles in a square cross section bifurcating airway. Aerosol ScL Technol 20:177–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batchelor, G. K. 1967. An introduction to fluid dynamics„ p. 214. Cambridge, UK: University Press. Bogdanffy, M. S., Morgan, P. H., Starr, T. B., and Morgan, K. T. 1987. Binding of formaldehyde to human and rat nasal mucus and bovine serum albumin. Toxicol. Lett. 38:145–154.
   Google Scholar
• Bogdanffy, M. S., Sarangapani, R., Kimbell, J. S., Frame, S. R., and Plowchalk, D. R. 1998. Analysis of vinyl acetate metabolism in rat and human nasal tissues by an in vitro gas uptake technique. Toxicol. ScL 46:235–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogdanffy, M. S., Sarangapani, R., Plowchalk, D. R., Jarabek, A., and Andersen, M. E. 1999. A bio-logically based risk assessment for vinyl acetate-induced cancer and noncancer inhalation toxic-ity. Toxicol. Sci. 51:19–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, M. L., Frederick, C. B., Kimbell, J. S., and Ultman, J. S. 1998. A CFD-PBPK hybrid model for simulating gas and vapor uptake in the rat nose. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 150:133–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casanova, M., Deyo, D. F., and Heck, H. d'A. 1989. Covalent binding of inhaled formaldehydeto DNA in the nasal mucosa of Fischer 344 rats: Analysis of formaldehyde and DNA by high-performance liquid chromatography and provisional pharmacokinetic interpretation. Fundam. AppL Toxicol 12:397–417.
   Google Scholar
• Casanova, M., Morgan, K. T., Gross, E. A., Moss, O. R., and Heck, H. d'A. 1994. DNA-protein cross-links and cell replication at specific sites in the nose of F344 rats exposed subchronically to formaldehyde. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 23: 525–536.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen Hubal, E. A., Schlosser, P. M., Conolly, R. B., and Kimbell, J. S. 1997. Comparison of inhaled formaldehyde dosimetry predictions with DNA-protein cross-link measurements in the rat nasal passages. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 143:47–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederick, C. B., Bush, M. L., Lomax, L. G., Black, K. A., Finch, L., Kimbell, J. S., Morgan, K. T., Subramaniam, R. P., Morris, J. B., and Ultman, J. S. 1998. Application of a hybrid computational fluid dynamics and physiologically-based inhalation model for interspecies dosimetry extrapola-tion of acidic vapors in the upper airways. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 152:211–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn, I., Scherer, P. W., and Mozell, M. M. 1993. Velocity profiles measured for airflow through a large-scale model of the human nasal cavity.]. Appl. PhysioL 75:2273–2287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobler, T. 1966. Mass transfer and absorbers, pp. 74–75. New York: Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kepler, G. M., Richardson, R. B., Morgan, K. T., and Kimbell, J. S. 1998. Computer simulation of inspiratory nasal airflow and inhaled gas uptake in a rhesus monkey. Toxicol. AppL Pharmacol. 150:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimbell, J. S., Gross, E. A., Joyner, D. R., Godo, M. N., and Morgan, K. T. 1993. Application of com-putational fluid dynamics to regional dosimetry of inhaled chemicals in the upper respiratory tract of the rat. Toxicol. AppL Pharmacol. 121:253–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimbell, J. S., Godo, M. N., Gross, E. A., Joyner, D. R., Richardson, R. B., and Morgan, K. T. 1997a. Computer simulation of inspiratory airflow in all regions of the F344 rat nasal passages. Toxicol. AppL Pharmacol. 145:388–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimbell, J. S., Gross, E. A., Richardson, R. B., Conolly, R. B., and Morgan, K. T. 1997b. Correlation of regional formaldehyde flux predictions with the distribution of formaldehyde-induced squamous metaplasia in F344 rat nasal passages. Mutat. Res. 380:143–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimbell, J. S., Subramaniam, R. P., and Miller, F. J. 1997c. Computer models of nasal airflow and inhaled gas uptake in the rat, monkey, and human: Implications for interspecies dosimetry. CIIT Activ. 17(11):1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Mery, S., Gross, E. A., Joyner, D. R., Godo, M. N., and Morgan, K. T. 1994. Nasal diagrams: A tool for recording the distribution of nasal lesions in rats and mice. Toxicol. PathoL 22:353–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monticello, T. M., Morgan, K. T., Everitt, J. I., and Popp, J. A. 1989. Effects of formaldehyde gas on the respiratory tract of rhesus monkeys: Pathology and cell proliferation. Am. J. PathoL 134: 515–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, K. T., and Monticello, T. M. 1990. Airflow, gas deposition, and lesion distribution in the nasal passages. Environ. Health Perspect. 85:209–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, K. T., Kimbell, J. S., Monticello, T. M., Patra, A. L., and Fleishman, A. 1991. Studies of inspi-ratory airflow patterns in the nasal passages of the F-344 rat and rhesus monkey using nasal molds: Relevance to formaldehyde toxicity. Toxicol. Appl. PharmacoL 110:223–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, J. B., Hasset, D. N., and Blanchard, K. T. 1993. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for nasal uptake and metabolism of nonreactive vapors. Toxicol. Appl. PharmacoL 123: 120–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, D. L., Gross, E. A., Bogdanffy, M. S., and Morgan, K. T. 1986. Retention of formaldehyde gas by the nasal passages of F-344 rats. Toxicologist 6:55.
   Google Scholar
• Proetz, A.W. 1951. Air currents in the upper respiratory tract and their clinical importance. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol 60:439–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, P. W., Keyhani, K., and Mozell, M. M. 1994. Nasal dosimetry modeling for humans. Inhal. Toxicol 6(suppl.):85–97.
   Google Scholar
• Subramaniam, R. P., Richardson, R. B., Morgan, K. T., Guilmette, R. A., and Kimbell, J. S. 1998. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of inspiratory airflow in the human nose and naso-pharynx. Inhal. Toxicol. 10:91–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Methods for derivation of Inhaled Reference Concen-trations and application of inhalation dosimetry. Washington, DC: Office of Research and De-velopment, EPA/600/8-90-066F, October.
   Google Scholar