SUBCHRONIC INHALATION BY RATS OF MAINSTREAM SMOKE FROM A CIGARETTE THAT PRIMARILY HEATS TOBACCO COMPARED TO A CIGARETTE THAT BURNS TOBACCO

REFERENCES

• Alarie, Y. 1973. Sensory irritation of the upper airways by airbourne chemicals. Toxicol. Appl. PharmacoL 24:279–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayres, P. H., Mosberg, A. T., Burger, G. T., Hayes, A. W., Sagartz, J. W., and Coggins, C. R. E. 1989. Nose-only exposure of rats to carbon monoxide. InhaL Toxicol. 1:349–363.
   Google Scholar
• Ayres, P. H., Mosberg, A. T., and Coggins, C. R. E. 1990. Modernization of nose-only smoking machines for use in animal inhalation studies.]. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 9:441–446.
   Google Scholar
• Ayres, P. H., Higuchi, M. A., Brown, B. G., Doolittle, D. J., and Mosberg, A. T. 1999. Comparison of histopathology and DNA adducts in rats subchronically exposed to smoke from cigarettes that burn or primarily heat tobacco. Toxicologist 48(1-S):121–122.
   Google Scholar
• Baumgartner, H., and Coggins, C. R. E. 1980. Description of a continuous-smoking inhalation machine for exposing small animals to tobacco smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 10:169–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bombick, B. R., Murli, H., Avalos, J. T., Bombick, D. W., Morgan, W. T., Putnam, K. P., and Doolittle, D. J. 1998. Chemical and biological studies of a new cigarette that primarily heats tobacco. Part 2. In vitro toxicology of mainstream smoke condensate. Food Chem. ToxicoL 36: 183–190.
   Google Scholar
• Bombick, D. W., Ayres, P. H., Putnam, K., Bombick, B. R., and Doolittle, D. J. 1998. Chemical and biological studies of a new cigarette that primarily heats tobacco. Part 3: In vitro toxicity of whole smoke. Food Chem. Toxicol. 36:191–197.
   Google Scholar
• Borgerding, M. F., Bodnar, J. A., Chung, H. L., Mangan, P. P., Morrison, L. C., Risner, C. H., Rogers, J. C., Simmons, D. F., Uhrig, M. S., Wendelboe, F. N., Wingate, D. E., and Winkler, L. S. 1997. Chemical and biological studies of a new cigarette which primarily heats tobacco. Part 1: Chemical composition of mainstream smoke. Food Chem. Toxicol. 36:169–182.
   Google Scholar
• Bowman, S. R., Ayres, P. H., and Mosberg, A. T. 1997. Comparison of Respiratory Frequency in Swiss-Webster Mice exposed to Smoke of Cigarettes that Primarily Heat or Burn Tobacco. Manuscript in preparation.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, B. G., Lee, C. K., Bombick, B. R., Ayres, P. H., Mosberg, A. T., and Doolittle, D. J. 1997. Comparative study of DNA adduct formation in mice following inhalation of smoke from ciga-rettes that burn or primarily heat tobacco. Environ. MoL Mutat. 29:303–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, B., Kolesar, J., Linberg, K., Meckley, D., Mosberg, A., and Doolittle, D. 1998. Comparative studies of DNA adduct formation in mice following dermal application of smoke condensates from cigarettes that burn or primarily heat tobacco. Mutat. Res. 414:21–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budunova, I. V., and Slaga, T. J. 1994. Alteration of gap junctional communicant"' during carcino-genesis. Cancer]. 7:228–237.
   Google Scholar
• Budunova, I. V., and Williams, G. M. 1994. Cell culture assays for chemicals with tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting activity based on the inhibition of intercellular communication. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 10:71–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger, G. T., Renne, R. A., Sagartz, J. W., Ayres, P. H., Coggins, C. R. E., Mosberg, A. T., and Hayes, A. W. 1989. Histologic changes in the respiratory tract induced by inhalation of xenobiotics: Physiologic adaptation or toxicity. Toxicol. Appl. PharmacoL 101:521–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coggins, C. R. E. 1998. A review of chronic inhalation studies with mainstream cigarette smoke in rats and mice. Toxicol. PathoL 3:307–314.
   Google Scholar
• Coggins, C. R., Fouillet, X. L., Lam, R., and Morgan, K. T. 1980. Cigarette smoke induced pathology of the rat respiratory tract: A comparison of the effects of the particulate and vapour phases. Toxicology16:83–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coggins, C. R. E., Duchosal, F., Musy, C., and Ventrone, R. 1981. The measurement of respiratory patterns in rodents, using whole body plethysmography and a pneumotachograph. Lab. Anim. 15:137–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coggins, C. R. E., Lam, R., and Morgan, K. T. 1982. Life-time inhalation study in rats using cigarettes containing different amounts of Cytrel tobacco supplement. Toxicology22:287–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coggins, C. R. E., Ayres, P. H., Mosberg, A. T., Sagartz, J. W., Burger, G. T., and Hayes, A. W. 1989a. Ninety-day inhalation study in rats, comparing smoke from cigarettes that heat tobacco with those that burn tobacco. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 13:460–483.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coggins, C. R. E., Ayres, P. H., Mosberg, A. T., Burger, G. T., Sagartz, J. W., and Hayes, A. W. 1989b. Comparative inhalation study in rats, using a second prototype of a cigarette that heats rather than burns tobacco. Inhal. Toxicol. 1:197–226.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, R. A., and Stiles, M. F. 1993. Determination of nicotine and cotinine: Comparison of GC and radioimmunoassay methods. Presented at 47th Tobacco Chemist Research Conference; Gatlin-burg, TN, 18–21 October.
   Google Scholar
• Diana, J. N., and Vaught, A. 1990. Research Cigarettes. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Print-ing Services.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, M., Lambing, K., and Seeman, J. I. 2000. On the transfer of nicotine from tobacco to the smoker. A brief review of ammonia and "pH" factors. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 19:103–113.
   Google Scholar
• Doolittle, D. J., Rahn, C. A., Ricco, E., Passananti, G. T., Howard, G., Vessel, E. S., Burger, G. T., and Hayes, A. W. 1990. Comparative studies of the mutagenicity of urine from smokers and non-smokers on a controlled non-mutagenic diet. Food Chem. Toxicol. 28:639–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eclipse Expert Panel. 2000. A safer cigarette? A comparative study. A consensus report. Inhal. Toxicol. 12\(suppl. 5):1–48.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, D. B., and Seely, J. C. 1988. Necropsy guide: Rodents and rabbit, pp. 1–50. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gaworski, C. L., Dozier, M. M., Gerhart, J. M., Rajendran, N., Brennecke, L. H., Arany, C. and Heck, J. D. 1997.13-Week inhalation toxicity study of menthol cigarette smoke. Food Chem. Toxicol. 35:683–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaworski, C. L., Dozier, M. M., Heck, J. D., Gerhart, J. M., Rajendran, N., David, R. M., Brennecke, L. H., and Morrissey, R. 1998. Toxicologic evaluation of flavor ingredients added to cigarette tobacco: 13-Week inhalation exposures in rats. InhaL Toxicol. 10:357–381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC. 1986. Tobacco smoking. ARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risk Chem. Man 38:168-170. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources. 1996. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Washington, DC: Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kendrick, J., Nettesheim, P., Guerin, M., Caton, J., Dalbey, W., Griesemer, R., Rubin, I., and Maddox, W. 1976. Tobacco smoke inhalation studies in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 37:557–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, N. M., and Gilula, B. B. 1996. The gap junction communicaticn channel. Ce// 84:381–388.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, D. J. 1981. Factors affecting the distribution of tobacco smoke-induced lesions in the rodent larynx. ToxicoL Lett. 9:189–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein, W. R. 1979. Junctional intercellular communication and the control of growth. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 560:1–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manouilova, L. S., Umino, T., Heires, A. J., Ertl, R. F., Millatmal, T., Daughton, D., Ullrich, F. A., Patil, D. K., and Rennard, S. I. 1999. Elevated GM-CSF and IL-8 levels present in the alveolar lavage of smokers are partially reduced following switching to Eclipse. Presentation at annual meeting of Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 5–7 March, 1999. San Diego, CA.
   Google Scholar
• McKarns, S. C., Bombick, D. W., Morton, M. J., and Doolittle, D. J. 2000. Gap junction intercellular communicaticn and cytotoxicity in normal human cells after exposure to smoke condensates from cigarettes that burn or primarily heat tobacco. Toxicol. In Vitro 14:41–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meckley, D. R., Hayes, J. R., Van Kampen, K. R., and Mosberg, A. T. 1999. Comparative study of cig-arettes that burn or primarily heat tobacco in the SENCAR initiation/promotion assay. Manu-script in preparation.
   Google Scholar
• Randerath, E., Mittal, D., and Randerath, K. 1986. Tissue distribution of covalent DNA damage in mice treated dermally with cigarette "tar": Preference for lung and heart DNA. Carcinogenesis 9:75–80.
   Google Scholar
• Rennard, S. I., Umino, T, Millatmal, T., Daughton, D. M., Manouilova, F. A., Ullrich, F. A., Patil, K. D., Romberger, D. J., and Floreani, A. A. 1999. Switching to Eclipse is associated with reduced inflammation in the lower respiratory track of heavy smokers. Presented at the annual meeting of Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 5–7 March, 1999. San Diego, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Renne, R. A., Wehner, A. P., Greenspan, B. J., DeFord, H. S., Ragan, H. A., Westerberg, R. B., Buschbom, R. L., Burger, G. T., Hayes, A. W., Suber, R. L., and Mosberg, A. T. 1992.2-Week and 13-week inhalation studies of aerosolized glycerol in rats. InhaL Toxicol. 4:95–111.
   Google Scholar
• Renne, R. A., Sagartz, J. W., and Burger, G. T. 1993. Interspecies variations in the histology of tox-icologically important areas in the larynges of CRL:CD rats and Syrian golden hamsters. Toxicol. Pathol. 21:542–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagartz, J. W., Madarasz, A. J., Forsell, M. A., Burger, G. T., Ayres, P. H., and Coggins, C. R. E. 1992. Histologic sectioning of the rodent larynx for inhalation toxicity testing. Toxicol. Pathol. 20:118–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel, S. 1956. Non-parametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill. Smith, C. J., McKarns, S. C., Davis, R. A., Livingston, S. D., Bombick, B. R., Avalos, J. T., Morgan,
   Google Scholar
• W. T., and Doolittle, D. J. 1996. Human urine mutagenicity study comparing cigarettes which burn or primarily heat tobacco. Mutat. Res. 361:1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stapleton, J. A., Russell, M. A. H., Sutherland, G., and Feyerabend, C. 1998. Nicotine availability from Eclipse tobacco-heating cigarette. Psychopharmacology 139:288–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trosko, J. E., Chang, C. C., Madhukar, B. V., and Klaunig, J. E. 1990. Chemical, oncogene and growth factor inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communicaticn: an integrative hypothe-sis of carcinogenesis. Pathobiology58:265–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umino, T., Manouilova, L. S., Skold, C. M., Pirrucello, S. J., Spurzem, J. R., and Rennard, S. I. 1999. Effect of a cigarette which does not burn tobacco on phenotypical markers of alveolar macro-phages from heavy smokers. Eur. Respir. J. 14:298S.
   Google Scholar
• Van Vunakis, H., Gjika, H. B., and Langone, J. J. 1987. Method 16, Radioimunnoassay for nicotine and cotinine. In Environmental carcinogens: Methods of analysis and exposure, eds. I. K. O'Neill, K. D. Brunnemann, B. Dodet, and D. Hoffman, vol. 8, pp. 317–330. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
   Google Scholar
• Young, J. T. 1981. Histopathologic examination of the rat nasal cavity. Fundam. Appl. ToxicoL 1: 309–312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar