Publication Cover
Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 16, 2004 - Issue 4
186
Views
58
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Health Effects of Subchronic Exposure to Environmental Levels of Diesel Exhaust

, , , , &
Pages 177-193 | Published online: 01 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • Anderson, M. E. 1985. Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in biological samples. Methods Enzymol. 113:548–555.
  • Armitage, P. 1971. Statistical methods in medical research, pp. 362–365. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Barton, C. C., Hill, D. A., Yee, S. B., Barton, E. X., and Ganey, P. E. 2000. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide exposure augments afla-toxin B1-induced liver injury. Toxicol. Sci. 55:444–452.
  • Brightwell, J., Fouillet, X., Cassano-Zoppi, A.-L., Gatz, R., and Duchosal, F. 1986. Neoplastic and functional changes in rodents after chronic inhalation of engine exhaust emissions. In Carcino-genic and mutagenic effects of diesel engine exhaust, eds. N. Ishin-ishi, A. Koizumi, R. O. McClellan, and W. Stöber, pp. 471–485. New York: Elsevier.
  • Brightwell, J., Fouillet, X., Cassano-Soppi, A. L., Bernstein, D., Crawley, F., Duchosal, F., Gatz, R., Perczel, S., and Pfeifer, H. 1989. Tumors of the respiratory tract in rats and hamsters following chronic inhalation of engine exhaust emissions. J. Appl. Toxicol. 9: 23–31.
  • California Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Part B: Health risk assessment for diesel exhaust, proposed identification of diesel exhaust as a toxic air contaminant. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Sacramento: Air Resources Board.
  • Campen, M. J., McDonald, J. D., Gigliotti, A. P., Seilkop, S. K., Reed, M. D., and Benson, J. M. 2003. Cardiovascular effects of inhaled diesel exhaust in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardio-vasc. Toxicol. 3(4):353–361.
  • Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology. 2002. Multiple Path Parti-cle Dosimetry model (MPPD v 1.0). A model for human and rat air-way particle dosimetry. CIIT Centers for Health Research. Project team, Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology: O. T. Price, B. Asgharian, and F. J. Miller; Dutch National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection in Bilthoven: F. R. Cassee, and R. de Winter-Sirkina, October.
  • Cheng, Y. S., and Moss, O. R. 1995. Inhalation exposure systems. In Concepts in inhalation toxicology, eds. R. O. McClellan and R. F. Henderson, 2nd ed., pp. 25–66. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
  • Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Pritchett, L. C., Pierson, W. R., Frazier, C. A., and Purcell, R. G. 1993. The DRI thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system: Description, evaluation and applications in U.S. air quality studies. Atmos. Environ. 27A:1185–1201.
  • Chow, J. C., Zielinska, B., Watson, J. G., Fujita, E. M., Richards, L. W., Neff, W., Dietrich, D., and Hering, S. 1998. Northern front range air quality study, volume A: Ambient measurements. Prepared for Colorado State University by Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, and Sonoma Technology, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA.
  • D'Agostini, F., Balansky, R. M., Pesce, C. M., Bennicelli, C., Lubert, R. A., Kelloff, G. J., and De Flora, S. 2001. Pilot studies evaluating the lung tumor yield in cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Int. J. Oncol. 18:607–615.
  • Desvignes, P., and Bonnet, P. 1981. Direct determination of plasma fibrinogen levels by heat precipitation. A comparison of the tech-nique against thrombin clottable fibrinogen with spectrophotometry and radial immuno-diffusion. Clin. Chim. Acta 110(1):9–17.
  • Dunn, O. J. 1964. Multiple comparisons using rank sums. Technomet-rics 6:241–252.
  • Dunnett, C. W. 1955. A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 50:1096–1121.
  • Dunnett, C. W. 1980. Pairwise multiple comparisons in the unequal variance case. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 75:796–800.
  • Finch, G. L., Nikula, K. J., Belinsky, S. A., Barr, E. B., Stoner, G. D., and Lechner, J. F. 1996. Failure of cigarette smoke to induce or promote lung cancer in the A/J mouse. Cancer Lett. 99:161–167.
  • Fisher, R. A. 1934. Statistical methods for research workers, 5th ed. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
  • Gong, H., Jr., Linn, W. S., Sioutas, C., Terrell, S. L., Clark, K. W., Anderson, K. R., and Terrell, L. L. 2003. Controlled exposures of healthy and asthmatic volunteers to concentrated ambient fine par-ticles in Los Angeles. Inhal. Toxicol. 15(4):305–325.
  • Grizzle, J. E., Starmer, C. F., and Koch, G. G. 1969. Analysis of cate-gorical data by linear models. Biometrics 25:489–504.
  • Harrod, K. S., Jaramillo, R. J., Rosenberger, C. L., Wang, S. Z., Berger, J. A., McDonald, J. D., and Reed, M. D. 2003. Increased susceptibil-ity to RSV infection by exposure to inhaled diesel engine emissions. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 28:451–463.
  • Health Effects Institute. 1995. Diesel exhaust: A critical analysis of emissions, exposure, and health effects. A Special Report of the Institute's Diesel Working Group. Cambridge, MA: Health Effects Institute.
  • Heinrich, U., and Wilhelm, A. 1984. Lung function tests on hamsters and rats using the whole body plethysmograph. In Problems of in-halatory toxicity studies, eds. P. Grosdanoff, R. Baf3, U. Hackenberg, D. Henschler, D. Muller, and H.-J. Klimisch, pp. 255–266. ISBN 3-8208-1054-4. Miinchen: MMV Medizin Verlag.
  • Heinrich, U., Muhle, H., Takenaka, S., Ernst, E., Fuhst, R., Mohr, U., Pott, F., and Stöber, W. 1986. Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters, mice and rats after long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine emissions. J. Appl. Toxicol. 6(6):383–395.
  • Heinrich, U., Fuhst, R., Rittinghousen, S., Creutzenberg, O., Bellmann, B., Koch, W., and Levsen, K. 1995. Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and two different strains of mice to diesel engine exhaust, carbon black, and titanium dioxide. Inhal. Toxicol. 7:533–556.
  • Henderson, R. F., Benson, J. M., Hahn, F. F., Hobbs, C. H., Jones, R. K., Mauderly, J. L., McClellan, R. O., and Pickrell, J. A. 1985. New approaches for the elevation of pulmonary toxicity: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 5(3):451–458.
  • Henderson, R. F., Pickrell, J. A., Jones, R. K., Sun, J. D., Benson, J. M., Mauderly, J. L., and McClellan, R. O.1988. Response of rodents to inhaled diluted diesel exhaust: Biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in lung tissue. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 11(3):546–567.
  • Hochberg, Y. A. 1988. A sharper Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance. Biometrika 76:800–802.
  • Ishinishi, N., Kuwabara, N., Takaki, Y., Nagase, S., Suzuki, T., Nakajima, T., Maejima, K., Kato, A., and Nakamura, M. 1988. Chapter II. Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust. In Diesel exhaust and health risks. Results of the HERP studies. Research Committee for HERP Studies, pp. 11–84. Japan: Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc., Tskuba, Japan.
  • Jonckheere, A. R. 1954. A distribution-free k-sample test against or-dered alternatives. Biometrics 41:133–145.
  • Kittelson, D. B. 1998. Engines and nanoparticles: A review. J. Aerosol Sci. 29(5/6):575–588.
  • Laudes, I. J., Chu, J. C., Sikranth, S., Huber-Lang, M., Guo, R. F., Riedemann, N., Sarma, J. V., Schmaier, A. H., and Ward, P. A. 2002. Anti-c5a ameliorates coagulation/fibrinolytic protein changes in a rat model of sepsis. Am. J. Pathol. 160(5):1867–1875.
  • Lloyd, A. C., and Cackette, T. A. 2001. Diesel engines: Environmental impact and control. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 51:809–847.
  • Maejima, K., and Nagase, S. 1989. Hematological and clinico-biochemical studies on F344 rats that inhaled diesel engine exhaust. In Man and his ecosystem: World Class Air Congress 1989: Hague, Netherlands, eds. L. J. Bras ser and W. C. Muler, vol. 2, pp. 149–154. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Maejima, K., Tamura, K., Nakajima, T., Taniguchi, Y., Saito, S., and Takenaka, H. 2001. Effects of the inhalation of diesel exhaust, kanto loam dust, or diesel exhaust without particles on immune responses in mice exposed to Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen. Inhal. Toxicol. 13:1047–1063.
  • Maitre, A., Soulat, J.-M., Masclet, P., Stoklov, M., Marques, M., and de Gaudemaris, R. 2002. Exposure to carcinogenic air pollutants among policemen working close to traffic in an urban area. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 28(6):402–410.
  • Mauderly, J. L. 1997. Relevance of particle-induced rat lung tumors for assessing lung carcinogenic hazard and human lung cancer risk. Environ. Health Perspect. 105\(suppl. 5):1337–1346.
  • Mauderly, J. L. 1999. Diesel exhaust. hi Environmental toxicants: Human exposures and their health effects, ed. M. Lippmann, 2nd ed., pp. 193–241. New York: Wiley.
  • Mauderly, J. L. 2001. Diesel emissions: Is more health research still needed? Toxicol. Sci. 62:6–9.
  • Mauderly, J. L., Jones, F. K., Griffith, W. C., Henderson, R. F., and McClellan, R. O. 1987. Diesel exhaust is a pulmonary carcinogen in rats exposed chronically by inhalation. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 9:208–221.
  • Mauderly, J. L., Banas, D. A., Griffith, W. C., Hahn, F. F., Henderson, R. F., and McClellan, R. O.1996. Diesel exhaust is not a pulmonary carcinogen in CD-1 mice exposed under conditions carcinogenic to F344 rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 30:233–242.
  • McDonald, J. D., Costanzo, J., Barr, E. B., Mauderly, J. L., Schauer, J. J., Zielinska, B., Sagebiel, J. C., Chow, J. C., Grosjean, D., and Grosjean, E. 2001. Characterization of laboratory exposure atmospheres for health effects studies. Published by CD-ROM in Proceedings of Air and Waste Management Annual Conference, Orlando, FL, June 24–28.
  • McDonald, J. D., Zielinska, B., Sagebiel, J. C., and McDaniel, M. R. 2002. Characterization of fine particle material in ambient air and personal samples from an underground mine. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 36(11):1033–1044.
  • McDonald, J. D., Barr, E. B., White, R. K., Chow, J. C., Schauer, J. J., Zielinska, B., and Grosjean, E. 2004. Generation and characteri-zation of four dilutions of diesel engine exhaust for a subchronic inhalation study. Environ. Sci. Technol., in press.
  • Moorman, W. J., Clark, J. C., Pepelko, W. E., and Mattox, J. 1985. Pulmonary function responses in cats following long-term exposure to diesel exhaust. J. Appl. Toxicol. 5:301–305.
  • Morimoto, K., Kitamura, M., Kondo, H., and Koizumi, A. 1986. Genotoxicity of diesel exhaust emissions in a battery of in vitro short-term and in vivo bioassays. hi Carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of diesel engine exhaust, eds. N. Ishinishi, A. Koizumi, R. O. McClellan, and W. Stöber, vol. 13, pp. 85–101. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
  • Muhle, H., Bellmann, B., and Heinrich, U. 1984. Effect of com-bustion products of fossil fuels on lung metabolism in inhala-tion experiments. hi Problems of inhalatory toxicity studies, eds. P. Grosdanoff, R. BaB, U. Hackenberg, D. Henschler, D. Muller, and H.-J. Klimisch, pp. 359–371. ISBN 3-8208-1054-4, Miinchen: MMV Medizin Verlag.
  • Nadziejko, C., Fang, K., Chen, L. C., Cohen, B., Karpatkin, M., and Nadas, A. 2002. Effect of concentrated ambient particulate matter on blood coagulation parameters in rats. Res. Rep. Health Eff. Inst. 111:7-29,31–38.
  • Nightingale, J. A., Maggs, R., Cullinan, P., Donnelly, L. E., Rogers, D. F., Kinnersley, R., Fan Chung, K., Barnes, P. J., Ashmore, M., and Newman-Taylor, A. 2000. Airway inflammation after controlled exposure to diesel exhaust particulates. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 162(1):161–166.
  • Nikula, K. J., Snipes, M. B., Barr, E. B., Griffith, W. C., Henderson, R. F., and Mauderly, J. L. 1995. Comparative pulmonary toxici-ties and carcinogenicities of chronically inhaled diesel exhaust and carbon black in F344 rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 25:80–94.
  • Nordenhall, C., Pourazar, J., Blomberg, A., Levin, J. O., Sandstrom, T., and Adelroth, E. 2000. Airway inflammation following exposure to diesel exhaust: A study of time kinetics using induced sputum. Eur. Respir. J. 15(6):1046–1051.
  • Pepelko, W. E., and Peirano, W. B. 1983. Health effects of exposure to diesel engine emissions. A summary of animal studies conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Health Effects Re-search Laboratories at Cincinnati, Ohio. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 2:253–306.
  • Rudell, B., Ledin, M. C., Hammarstrom, U., Stjernberg, N., Lundback, B., and Sandstrom, T. 1996. Effects on symptoms and lung func-tion in humans experimentally exposed to diesel exhaust. Occup. Environ. Med. 53(10):658–662.
  • Rudell, B., Blomberg, A., Helleday, R., Ledin, M. C., Lundbäck, B., Stjemberg, N., Hörstedt, P., and Sandstrom, T. 1999. Bronchoalve-olar inflammation after exposure to diesel exhaust: Comparison be-tween unfiltered and particle trap filtered exhaust. Occup. Environ. Med. 56: 527–534.
  • Schuetzle, D., and Lewtas, J. 1986. Bioassay-directed chemical anal-ysis in environmental research. Anal. Chem. 58:1060–1075.
  • Seagrave, J., McDonald, J. D., Gigliotti, A. P., Nikula, K. J., Seilkop, S. K., Gurevich, M., and Mauderly, J. L. 2002. Mutagenicity and in vivo toxicity of combined particulate and semivolatile organic fractions of gasoline and diesel engine emissions. Toxicol. Sci. 70(2):212–226.
  • Stöber, W. 1986. Experimental induction of tumors in hamsters, mice and rats after long-term inhalation of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine exhaust. In Carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of diesel engine exhaust, eds. N. Ishinishi, A. Koizumi, R. O. McClellan, and W. Stöber, vol. 13, pp. 421–439. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
  • Stoner, G. D., and Shimkin, M. B. 1982. Strain A mouse lung tumor bioassay. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 1:145–169.
  • Sydbom, A., Blomberg, A., Parnia, S., Stenfors, N., Sandstrom, T., and Dahlén, S.-E. 2001. Health effects of diesel exhaust emissions. Eur. Respir. J. 17: 733–746.
  • Torous, D. K., Hall, N. E., Dertinger, S. D., Diehl, M. S., Illi-Love, A. H., Cederbrant, K., Sandelin, K., Bolcsfoldi, G., Ferguson, L. R., Pearson, A., Majeska, J. B., Tarca, J. P., Hewish, D. R., Doughty, L., Fenech, M., Weaver, J. L., Broud, D. D., Gatehouse, D. G., Hynes, G. M., Kwanyuen, P., McLean, J., McNamee, J. P., Parenteau, M., Van Hoof, V., Vanparys, P., Lenarcyzk, M., Siennicka, J., Litwinska, B., Slowikowska, M. G., Harbach, P. R., Johnson, C. W., Zhao, S., Aaron, C. S., Lynch, A. M., Marshall, I. C., Rodgers, B., and Tometsko, C. R. 2001. Flow cytometric enumeration of micronu-cleated reticulocytes: High transferability among 14 laboratories. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38(1):59–68.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. Health assessment doc-ument for diesel exhaust. EPA 600/8-90/057F, National Center for Environmental Assessment. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. Air quality crite-ria for particulate matter: Fourth external review draft. EPA 600/P-99/002aD, National Center for Environmental Assessment. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA. June 2003.
  • Witschi, H., Uyeminami, D., Moran, D., and Espiritu, I. 2000. Chemoprevention of tobacco-smoke lung carcinogenesis in mice after cessation of smoke exposure. Carcinogenesis 21(5):977–982.
  • Witschi, H., Espiritu, I., Dance, S. T., and Miller, M. S. 2002. A mouse lung tumor model of tobacco smoke carcinogenesis. Toxicol. Sci. 68:322–330.
  • World Health Organization. 1996. / . Diesel fuel and exhaust emissions. Environmental Health Criteria No. 171. Geneva: WHO.
  • Yeh, H. C. 1980. Respiratory tract deposition models. Final Report, LF-72, UC-48.Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service.
  • Zhu, Y, Hinds, W. C., Kim, S., and Sioutas, C. 2002. Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 52:1032–1042.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.