A Review of the Toxicology and Epidemiology of Wollastonite

REFERENCES

• Adachi S., Kawamura K., Takemoto K. A trial on the quantitative risk assessment of man-made mineral fibers by the rat intraperitoneal administration assay using the JFM standard fibrous samples. Ind. Health 2001; 39: 168–174, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. 2003 TLVs and BEIs, threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2003
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. The trouble with tremolite-asbestiform mineral casts its shadow over wollastonite. Ind. Miner. 2002; 420: 7
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. China makes paper with ore powder. People's Online Daily June 13, 2003, Available online at: http://english.people.com.cn/200306/13/eng20030613_118153.shtml. Last accessed on November 19, 2004
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Industrial minerals news, Sequoia acquires Quebec wollastonite deposit. CIM Bulletin 2004; 1997
   Google Scholar
• Aslam M., Arif M. J., Rahman O. Red blood cell damage by wollastonite: In vitro study. J. Appl Toxicol 1995; 15(1)27–31, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellmann B., Muhle H. Investigation of the biodurability of wollastonite and xonotlite. Environ. Health Perspect. 1994; 102(suppl. 5)191–195, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein D. M., Riego Sintes J. M., Ersboell B. K., Kunert J. Biopersistence of synthetic mineral fibers as a predictor of chronic inhalation toxicity in rats. Inhal. Toxicol. 2001a; 13: 823–849, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein D. M., Riego Sintes J. M., Ersboell B. K., Kunert J. Biopersistence of synthetic mineral fibers as a predictor of chronic intraperitoneal injection tumor response in rats. Inhal. Toxicol. 2001b; 13: 851–875, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton R. E., Addison J., Davis J. M., Donaldson K., Jones A. D., Miller B. G., Wright A. Effects of the inhalation of dusts from calcium silicate insulation materials in laboratory rats. Environ. Res. 1986; 39: 26–43, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowdidge C. R. Geology and mineral deposits of the Olden wollastonite property. Wollasco Minerals, Inc, Ontario, Canada 1996
   Google Scholar
• British Columbia Geological Survey. British Columbia mineral exploration review 1998. Ministry of Energy and Mines Geological Survey Branch, Victoria, BC 1999, Information Circular 1999-1
   Google Scholar
• Cambelová M., Juck A. Fibrogenic effect of wollastonite compared with asbestos dust and dusts containing quartz. Occup. Environ. Med. 1994; 51: 343–346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciullo P. A., Robinson S. Wollastonite a versatile functional filler. Paint and Coatings Industry Magazine 2002a, November 2002. Available electronically at http://www.rtvanderbilt.com/awards_6.htm, last accessed July 28, 2004
   Google Scholar
• Ciullo P. A., Robinson S. Functional silicate fillers: Basic principles. Paint and Coatings Industry Magazine 2002b, August. Available electronically at http:www.pcimag.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/coverstory/BNPCoverStoryItem/0,1848,81, last accessed July 28, 2004
   Google Scholar
• CNX marketlink. Fording Inc. announces 2002 third quarter results and dividend. 2002, Available electronically at http://www.cnxmarketlink.com/en/releases/archive/October2002/22/c3672.html, last accessed November 14, 2004
   Google Scholar
• Crooks A. F. Wollastonite in South Australia. Department of Primary Industries and Resources, South Australia 1999, Report book 99/00016
   Google Scholar
• Davis J. M. G., Addison J., Bolton R. E., Donaldson K., Jones A. D. Toxicology of calcium silicate insulating materials. Institute of Occupational Medicine. Govt. Reports Announcements & Index, EdinburghScotland 1983, Issue 02, 1984
   Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco C. A., Virta R. L. Wollastonite statistics. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 2004
   Google Scholar
• Douglas D. Chrysotile asbestos: Health assessment of alternative materials in the event of a phase out of uses of chrysotile asbestos in Australia. SydneyAustralia 2001, Report prepared for the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission
   Google Scholar
• Eastes W., Hadley J. G. A mathematical model of fiber carcinogenicity and fibrosis in inhalation and intraperitoneal experiments in rats. Inhal. Toxicol. 1996; 8: 323–343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. IUCLID Dataset. European Commission, European Chemicals Bureau. 2000, Substance ID: 13983-17-0 Wollastonite, Available electronically at http://ecb.jrc.it/existing-chemicals/, last accessed on May 2, 2005
   Google Scholar
• Fattah H. Wollastonite: New aspects promise growth. Ind. Miner. November, 1994; 21–43
   Google Scholar
• Governa M., Camilucci L., Amati M., Visona I., Valentino M., Botta G. C., Campopiano A., Fanizza C. Wollastonite fibers in vitro generate reactive oxygen species able to lyse erthrocytes and activate the complement alternate pathway. Toxicol. Sci. 1998; 44: 32–38, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grammatikopoulos T. A., Clark A. H. Geology, process mineralogy and beneficiation of the Hawley wollastonite prospect. CIM Bull. 2001; 94: 1049
   Google Scholar
• Grammatikopoulos T. A., Clark A. H., Vasily B. The St. Lawrence deposit, Seeley's Bay, SE Ontario—A major wollastonite skarn in the Frontenac Terrane. CIM Bull 2003; 96: 1070
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton R. F., Li L., Rashi I., Holian A. Asbestos induces apoptosis in human alveolar macrophages. APS Manuscript Number L368-5, APStracts 1996; 3: 0113L, Available electronically at http://www.uth/tmc.edu/apstracts/1996/lung/July/1131.html
   Google Scholar
• Hanke W., Sepulveda M. J. (1983) Health hazard evaluation determination report. NYCO, Willsboro, NY, 1983. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, (MHETA 81-112)
   Google Scholar
• Hanke W., Sepulveda M. J., Watson A., Jankovic J. Respiratory morbidity in wollastonite workers. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1984; 4: 474–479
   Google Scholar
• Hesterberg T. W., Chase G., Axten C., Miller W. C., Musselman R. P., Kamstrup O., Hadley J., Morscheidt C., Bernstein D. M., Thevenaz P. Biopersistence of synthetic vitreous fibers and amosite asbestos in the rat lung following inhalation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1998; 151: 262–275, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillerdal G. Radiological changes as markers of environmental exposure and environmental risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma. Presented at the US EPA 2001 Asbestos Health Effects Conference, Oakland, CA, May, 24–25, 2001, Handout available electronically at http://www.epa.gov/swerrims/ahec/summary/presentations/hillerdal.pdf. Last accessed November 18, 2004
   Google Scholar
• Hurbánková M., Kaiglová A., Gramblõková I. Imunotoxicological changes of some BAL parameters after intratracheal instillation of asbestos and wollastonite fibers to rats in dependence on their dimensions. Toxicol. Lett 1995; 78: 41
   Google Scholar
• Huuskonen M., Tossavainen A., Koskinen H., Zitting A., Korhonen O., Jickels J., Korhonen K., Vaaranen V. (1982) Respiratory morbidity of quarry workers exposed to wollastonite (Abstract). Proceedings of the International Conference on Occupational Lung Diseases, Chicago, March, 24–271982. American College of Chest Physicians, Park Ridge, IL
   Google Scholar
• Huuskonen M., Tossavainen A., Koskinen H., Zitting A., Korhonen O., Nickels J., Korhonen K., Vaaranen V. Wollastonite exposure and lung fibrosis. Environ. Res. 1983; 30: 291–304, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huuskonen M., Jarvisalo J., Koskinen H., Nickels J., Rasanen J., Asp S. Preliminary results from a cohort of workers exposed to wollastonite in a Finnish limestone quarry. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1983; 9: 169–175, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huuskonen M., Tossavainen A. Health effects associated with wollastonite exposure. J. Occup. Health Safety–Aust. NZ 1996; 12(3)357–360, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• IARC. Silica and some silicates. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogeni. Risk Chem. Hum. 1987; 42
   Google Scholar
• IARC. Silica, some silicates, coal dust, and para-aramide fibrils. ARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risk Chem. Hum. 1997; 68
   Google Scholar
• IARC. Man-made vitreous fibres. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risk Chem. Hum. 2002; 81
   Google Scholar
• Ibañez A., Sandoval F. Producing synthetic wollastonite by autoclaving. Ceramic Bull. 1998, September, 1998. Available electronically at http://www.ceramicbulletin.org/months/Sep98/wallastonite.html, last assessed on July 26, 2004[CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohyama N., Tanaka I., Tomita M., Kudo M., Shinohara Y. Preparation and characteristics of standard reference samples of fibrous minerals for biological experiments. Ind. Health 1997; 35(3)415–432, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskinen H. O., Nordman H. L., Zitting A. J., Suoranta H. T., Anttila S. L., Taikina-aho O. S., Luukkonen R. A. Fibrosis of the lung and pleura and long-term exposure to wollastonite. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1997; 23: 41–47, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockey J. E. Man-made fibers and nonasbestos fibrous silicates. Occupational and environmental respiratory disease, S. P. Harber, M. Schenker, J. Balmes. Mosby, St. Louis, MO 1996; pp. 330–344
   Google Scholar
• Luke P. Filler and extender minerals in Nova Scotia. Economic Geology Series 90-2. Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Energy, Halifax, NS 1990
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald J. L., Kane A. B. Mesothelial cell proliferation and biopersistence of wollastonite and crocidolite asbestos fibers. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1997; 38(2)173–183, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maxim L. D., Mast R. W., Utell M. J., Yu C. P., Boylem P. M., Zoitos B. K., Cason J. E. Hazard assessment and risk analysis of two new synthetic vitreous fibers. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1999; 30: 54–74, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell E. E. Fibrogenic effect of wollastonite compared with asbestos dusts and dusts containing quartz. Letter to the editor. Occup. Environ. Med. 1995; 52: 621, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell E. E., Hall L., Adkins B., Jr. Studies on the chronic toxicity (inhalation) of wollastonite in Fischer 344 rats. Inhal. Toxicol. 1991; 3: 323–337, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• McDonald J. C. Mineral fibre biopersistence and carcinogenicity. Ind. Health 1998; 36(4)372–375, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merchant J. A. Human epidemiology: A review of fiber type and characteristics in the development of malignant and nonmalignant disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 1990; 88: 287–293, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mindat.org. Wollastonite. 2004, Available electronically at http://www.mindat.org/min-4323.html, last accessed 21 July 2004
   Google Scholar
• Morel-à-l'Huisser P. Chrysotile. Canadian minerals yearbook. Department of Natural Resources, Canada 1995; pp. 20.1–20.12
   Google Scholar
• MRC Institute for Environment and Health. Chrysotile and its substitutes: A critical evaluation. Institute for Environment and Health, Leicester, UK 2000, (Web Report W4) posted December 2000 at http://www.le.ac.uk/ieh/webpub/webpub.html
   Google Scholar
• Muhle H., Bellmann B., Pott F. Durability of various mineral fibers in rat lungs. Mechanisms in fiber carcinogenesis, R. C. Brown, J. A. Hoskins, N. F. Johnson. Plenum Press, New York 1991; pp. 181–187
   Google Scholar
• Muhle H., Bellmann B., Pott F. Comparative investigations of the biodurability of mineral fibers in the rat lung. Environ. Health Perspect. 1994; 102(suppl. 5)163–168, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The registry of toxic effects of chemical substances (RTECS): Wollastonite, RTECS# ZC9750000, available electronically at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/zc94c5f0.html, last accessed 21 July 2004
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards: Calcium silicate, Available electronically at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0094.html
   Google Scholar
• National Occupational Exposure Survey. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by two-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), code M1813, wollastonite, Available electronically at http://www.cdc.gov/noes/noes1/m1813sic.html, last assessed 11 November 2003
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council. Review of the U.S. Navy's exposure standard for manufactured vitreous fibers, et al. National Academy Press, Washington, DC 2000
   Google Scholar
• Nejjari J., Fournier J., Pezerat H., Leanderson P. Mineral fibres: Correlation between oxidizing surface activity and DNA base hydroxylation. Br. J. Ind. Med 1993; 50: 501–504, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NYCO Minerals Inc. 2004, Background information on wollastonite posted on the web site http://www.nycominerals.com, last accessed 21 July 2004
   Google Scholar
• Pailes W. H., Judy D. J., Resnick H., Castranova V. Relative effects of asbestos and wollastonite on alveolar macrophages. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1984; 14: 497–510, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pott F., Zeim U., Reiffer F.-J., Huth F., Ernst H., Mohr U. Carcinogenicity studies on fibres, metal compounds and some other dusts in rats. Exp. Pathol. 1987; 32: 129–152, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pott F., Roller M., Ziem U., Reiffer F.-J., Bellmann B., Rosenbruch M., Huth F. Carcinogenicity studies on natural and man-made fibres with the intraperitoneal test in rats. Non-occupational exposure to mineral fibres, J. Bignon, J. Peto, R. Saracci. IARC, LyonFrance 1989; pp. 173–179, IARC Scientific Publication No 90
   Google Scholar
• Potter R. M., Mattson S. M. Glass fiber dissolution in a physiological saline solution. Glasstech. Ber. 1991; 64: 16–28
   Google Scholar
• Rittinghausen S., Ernst H., Muhle H., Morh U. Histopathological analysis of tumour types after intraperitoneal injection of mineral fibres in rats. Mechanisms in fiber carcinogenesis, R. C. Brown, J. A. Hoskins, N. F. Johnson. Plenum Press, New York 1991; pp. 81–89
   Google Scholar
• Schneider T., Holst E., Skotte J. Size distributions of airborne fibres generated from man–made mineral fibre products. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1983; 27(2)157–171, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shasby D. M., Petersen M., Hodous T., Boehlecke B., Merchant J. Respiratory morbidity of workers exposed to wollastonite through mining and milling. Dusts and disease, R. Lemen, J. M. Dement. Pathtox, Park Forest South, IL 1979; pp. 2251–256
   Google Scholar
• Simandl G. J., Paradis S., Orris G. J., Ray G. E. Wollastonite Skarns, Selected British Columbia mineral deposit profiles, Vol. 3, Industrial minerals, British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines. Available electronically at http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Geolsurv/MetallicMinerals/MineralDepositProfiles/Profiles
   Google Scholar
• Simandl G. J. Green minerals and market changes driven by environmental regulations. 16th Industrial Minerals International Congress 2003; pp. 153–161, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Stanton M. F., Wrench C. Mechanisms of mesothelioma induction with asbestos and fibrous glass. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1972; 48: 797–821, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton M. F., Layard M., Tegeris A., Miller E., May M., Morgan E., Smith A. Relation of particle dimension to carcinogenicity in amphibole asbestos and other fibrous minerals. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1981; 67: 965–975, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tátrai E., Kováciková Z., Brózik M., Six E. Pulmonary toxicity of wollastonite in vivo and in vitro. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2004; 24: 147–154, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virta R. “Wollastonite,”. Minerals Yearbook. U.S. Geological Survey, (U.S. Bureau of Mines prior to 1996), Various years. (annual)
   Google Scholar
• Vu V. T. Assessment of the potential health effects of natural and man–made fibers and their testing needs: Perspectives of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Carcinogenic effects of solid particles in the respiratory tract, D. L. Dungworth, J. L. Mauderly, G. Oberdörster. ILSI Press, Washington, DC 1994
   Google Scholar
• Warheit D. B., Hill L. H., Brody A. R. In vitro effects of crocidolite asbestos and wollastonite on pulmonary macrophages and serum complement. Scan. Electron Microsc 1984; ii: 919–926
   Google Scholar
• Warheit D. B., Moore K. A., Carakostas M. C., Hartsky M. A. Acute pulmonary effects of inhaled wollastonite fibers are dependent on fiber dimensions and aerosol concentrations. Mechanisms in Fibre Carcinogenesis, R. C. Brown, J. A. Hoskins, N. F. Johnson. Plenum Press, New York 1991; 143–156, 143–156
   Google Scholar
• Warheit D. B., Hartsky M. A., HcHugh T. A., Kellar K. A. Biopersistence of inhaled organic and inorganic fibers in the lungs of rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 1994a; 102(suppl. 5)151–157, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warheit D. B., McHugh T. A. Kellar K. A., Hartsky M. A. Biopersistence and pulmonary effects of inhaled p–aramid or wollastonite fibers following short–term exposures. Carcinogenic effects of solid particles in the respiratory tract., D. L. Dungworth, J. L. Mauderly, G. Oberdörster. ILSI Press, Washington, DC 1994b
   Google Scholar
• Wilbourn J. D., McGregor D. B. Partensky C., Rice J. M. IARC reevaluates silica and related substances. Environ. Health Perspect. 1997; 105: 756–59, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoitos B. K., de Meringo A., Rouyer E., Thélohan E., Bauer J., Law B., Boymel P. M., Olson J. R., Christensen V. R., Guldberg M., Keonig A. R., Perander M. In vitro measurement of fiber dissolution rate relevant to biopersistence at neutral pH: An interlaboratory round robin. Inhal. Toxicol. 1997; 9: 525–540
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar