Publication Cover
Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 18, 2006 - Issue 14
96
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Effects of Whole-Body VX Vapor Exposure on Lethality in Rats

, , , , , , , & show all
Pages 1091-1099 | Received 21 Jun 2006, Accepted 23 Jul 2006, Published online: 06 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • Agresti A. Categorical data analysis. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1990
  • Anthony J. S., Haley M., Manthei J., Way R., Burnett D., Gaviola B., Sommerville D., Crosier R., Mioduszewski R., Thomson S., Crouse C., Matson K. Inhalation toxicity of cyclosarin (GF) vapor in rats as a function of exposure concentration and duration: Potency comparison to sarin (GB). Inhal. Toxicol. 2004; 16: 103–111, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Benton B. J., Sommerville D. R., Anthony Steven J., Crosier R. B., Jakubowski E. M., Whalley C. E., Dabisch P. A., Hulet S. W., Matson K. L., Crouse C. L., Mioduszewski R. J., Thomson S. A. Low-level effects of VX vapor exposure on pupil size and cholinesterase levels in rats. Inhalation toxicology, 2nd ed., H. Salem, S. A. Katz. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida 2006; 91–108
  • Bide R. W., Risk D. J. Inhalation toxicity of aerosolized nerve agents. 1. VX revisited. 2000, Defence Research Establishment Suffield. Technical Report DRES TR 2000-063, September (unclassified report). Defense Technical Information Center, DTIC users only
  • Brickhouse M. D., Rees M. S., O'Connor R. J., Durst H. D. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of G-class and VX nerve agents and reaction masses produced by their chemical neutralization. U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 1970, ERDEC-TR-449. Unclassified report (AD–A339 308)
  • Craig F. N., Cummings E. G., Sim V. M. Environmental temperature and the percutaneous absorption of a cholinesterase inhibitor, VX. J. Invest. Dermatol 1977; 68(6)357–361, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Crook J. W., Hott P., Owens E. J., Cummings E. G., Farrand R. L., Cooper A. E. The effects of subacute exposures of the mouse, rat, guinea pig, and rabbit to low-level VX concentrations. 1983, ARCSL-TR-82038, June (unclassified). Available from Defense Technical Information Center. Distribution limited to U.S. Government agencies only; Test and Evaluation; Jun 83. Other requests must be referred to Commander, Chemical Research and Development Center, Attn: DRSMC-CLJ-IR. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010
  • Dimmick R. L., Jr., Owens E. J., Farrand R. L. The acute inhalation toxicity of QL in the rat and guinea pig. 1979, ARCSL-TR-79031 (unclassified)
  • Finney D. J. Probit analysis, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1971
  • Fox J. Applied regression analysis, linear models, and related methods. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 1997
  • Gupta R. C., Patterson G. T., Dettbarn W. D. Comparison of cholinergic and neuromuscular toxicity following acute exposure to sarin and VX in rat. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1991; 16(3)449–458, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Haber F. R. Zur geschichte des gaskrieges. Funf Vortrage aus Jahren 1920–1923. Springer, Berlin 1924; 23–29
  • Hartmann H. M. Evaluation of risk assessment guideline levels for the chemical warfare agents mustard, GB, and VX. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2002; 35: 347–356, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Jakubowski E. M., Heykamp L. S., Durst H. D., Thomson S. A. Preliminary studies in the formation of ethyl methylphosphonofluoridate from rat and human serum exposed to VX and treated with fluoride ion. Anal. Lett. 2001; 34(5)727–737, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Taxic releases. Lee's loss prevention in the process industries, 3rd ed., S. Mannan. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston 2005, chap. 18
  • Manthei J. H., Beckett E. L., Heitkamp D. H., James J. T., Cameron K. P., Bona D. M., Moore R. D., Vickers E. L. Toxic hazard evaluation of decontaminated/neutralized chemical surety materials waste at the U.S. Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center. 1990, CRDEC-TR-146, November (unclassified). Available from Defense Technical Information Center. Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies only; Test and Evaluation; Nov 90. Other requests shall be referred to Cdr., CRDEC, Attn: SMCCR-SPS-T, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 210105423
  • McNamara B. P., Vocci F. J., Leitnaker F. C. Proposed limits for human exposure to VX vapor in nonmilitary operations. 1973, EASP 1100-1 (R-1), July (unclassified)
  • Mioduszewski R. J., Manthei J. H., Way R. A., Burnett D. C., Gaviola B. I., Muse W. T., Jr., Matson K. L., Sommerville D. R., Crosier R. B., Scotto J. A., McCaskey D. A., Crouse C. L., Thomson S. A. Low-level sarin vapor exposure in rats: Effect of exposure concentration and duration on pupil size. U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD May, 2002a, ECBC-TR-235. (unclassified report)
  • Mioduszewski R. J., Manthei J. H., Way R. A., Burnett D. C., Gaviola B. P., Muse W. T., Thomson S. A., Sommerville D. R., Crosier R. B. Interaction of exposure concentration and duration in determining acute toxic effects of sarin vapor in rats. Toxicol. Sci. 2002b; 66: 176–184, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Muse W. T., Jr., Anthony J. S., Tomson S. A., Crouse C. L., Crouse L. C. B. Acute inhalation toxicity of chemically neutralized/hydrolyzed VX in rats. SCWO effluent prior to evaporation SCWO effluent post-evaporation. 2002, ECBC-TR-219, April (unclassified report). http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA403226
  • National Research Council. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1996
  • J. Am. Vet. Med Assoc. 1993; 202(2)697, Report of the AVMA Panel on Euthanasia[CSA]
  • Rickett D. L., Glenn J. F., Beers E. T. Central respiratory effects VX. Neuromuscular actions of nerve agents. Neurotoxicology 1986; 7(1)225–236, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Schoomaker P. J., Hudson J. B., Young J. J., Jr., Carlton P. K., Jr., Tether A. J., Zimble J. A. AR 40-33, The care and use of laboratory animals in DOD programs (Medical Services). January, 2004, http://www.army.mil/usapa/epubs/pdf/v40_33.pdf
  • Sommerville D. R. (2004) Relationship between the dose response curves for lethality and severe effects for chemical warfare nerve agents. Proc. 2003 Joint Service Scientific Conference on Chemical & Biological Defense Research. November, 2003. US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
  • Sommerville D. R., Park K. H., Kierzewski M. O., Dunkel M. D., Hutton M. I., Pinto N. A. Toxic load modeling. Inhalation Toxicology, H. Salem, S. A. Katz, 2006; 137–158
  • ten Berge W. F., Zwart A., Appelman L. M. Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and systemically acting vapours and gases. J. Hazard. Mater. 1986; 13: 301–309, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Whalley C. E., Benton B. J., Manthei J. H., Way R. A., Jakubowski E. M., Jr., Burnett D. C., Gaviola B. I., Crosier R. B., Sommerville D. R., Muse W. T., Forster J. S., Mioduszewski R. J., Thomson S. A., Scotto J. A., Miller D. B., Crouse C. L., Matson K. L., Edwards J. L. Low-level cycolosarin (GF) vapor exposure in rats: Effect of exposure concentration and duration on pupil size. U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 2004, ECBC-TR-407, September (unclassified report)

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.