REFERENCES
- Aykac D., Hoffman E. A., McLennan G., Reinhardt J. M. Segmentation and analysis of the human airway tree from three-dimensional X-ray CT images. IEEE Trans. Med Imaging 2003; 22: 940–950, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Balásházy I., Hofmann W. Particle deposition in airway bifurcations—I. Inspiratory flow. J. Aerosol Sci. 1993; 24: 745–772, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Balásházy I., Hofmann W., Heistracher T. Local particle deposition patterns may play a key role in the development of lung cancer. J. Appl. Physiol. 2003; 94: 1719–1725, [CSA]
- Bardina J. E., Huang P. G., Coakley T. J. Turbulence modeling validation, testing and development. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 1997
- Chang H. K., El Masry O. A. A model study of flow dynamics in human central airways. Part I: Axial velocity profiles. Respir. Physiol. 1982; 49: 75–95, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Cheng Y. S., Zhou Y., Chen B. T. Particle deposition in a cast of human oral airways. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1999; 31: 286–300, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Clark A. R. Medical aerosol inhaler: Past, present and future. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1995; 22: 374–391, [CSA]
- Comer J. K., Kleinstreuer C., Zhang Z. Flow structures and particle deposition patterns in double-bifurcation airway models. Part 1. Air flow field. J. Fluid Mech. 2000a; 435: 25–54, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Comer J. K., Kleinstreuer C., Zhang Z. Flow structures and particle deposition patterns in double-bifurcation airway models. Part 2. Aerosol transport and deposition. J. Fluid Mech. 2000b; 435, [CSA]
- Crowe C. S., Sommerfeld M., Tsuji Y. Multiphase flows with droplets and particles. CRC Press, New York 1998
- Crowe C. T., Troutt T. R., Chung J. N. Numerical models for 2 phase turbulent flows. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1996; 28: 11–43, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Daily J. W., Harleman D. R. F. Fluid dynamics. Addison-Wesley, New York 1966
- Edwards D. A. Delivery of biological agents by aerosols. AIChE J. 2002; 48: 2–6, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- FLUENT Inc. FLUENT 6.1 Documentation. NH FLUENT, Inc., Lebanon 2003
- Gurman J. L., Lippmann M., Schlesinger R. B. Particle deposition in replicate casts of the human upper tracheobronchial tree under constant and cyclic inspiratory flow. I. Experimental. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1984; 3: 245–252, [CSA]
- Harrington L., Prisk G. K., Darquenne C. Importance of the bifurcation zone and branch orientation in simulated aerosol deposition in the alveolar zone of the human lung. J. Aerosol Sci. 2006; 37: 37–62, [CSA]
- Kim C. S., Fisher D. M. Deposition characteristics of aerosol particles in sequentially bifurcating airway models. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1999; 31: 198–220, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Kreuzer M., Muller M. K., Brachner A., Gerken M., Grosche B., Wiethege T., Wichmann H. E. Histopathologic findings of lung carcinoma in German uranium miners. Cancer 2000; 89: 2613–2621, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Li A., Ahmadi G. Dispersion and deposition of spherical particles from point sources in a turbulent channel flow. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1992; 16: 209–226, [CSA]
- Martonen T. B. Measurement of particle dose distribution in a model of a human larynx and tracheobronchial tree. J. Aerosol Sci. 1983; 14: 11–22, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Morsi S. A., Alexander A. J. An investigation of particle trajectories in two-phase flow systems. J. Fluid Mech. 1972; 55: 193–208, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Ounis H., Ahmadi G., McLaughlin J. B. Brownian diffusion of sub-micrometer particles in the viscous sub-layer. J. Colloid Interface. Sci. 1991; 143: 266–277, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Pope C. A., Dockery D. W., Schwartz J. Review of epidemiological evidence of health effects of particulate air pollution. Inhal. Toxicol. 1995; 7: 1–18, [CSA]
- Roland N. J., Bhalla R. K., Earis J. The local side effects of inhaled corticosteroids: Current understanding and review of the literature. Chest 2004; 126: 213–219, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Sauret V., Halson P. M., Brown I. W., Fleming J. S., Bailey A. G. Study of the three-dimensional geometry of the central conducting airways in man using computed topographic (CT) images. J. Anat. 2002; 200: 123–134, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Schlesinger R. B., Gurman J. L., Lippmann M. Particle deposition within bronchial airways: Comparisons using constant and cyclic inspiratory flows. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1982; 26: 47–64, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Schorter R. C., Sudlow M. F. Flow patterns in models of the human bronchial airways. Resp. Physiol. 1969; 7: 341–355, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Varghese S. S., Frankel S. H. Numerical modeling of pulsatile turbulent flow in stenotic vessels. ASME J. Biomech. Eng. 2003; 123: 445–460, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Weibel E. R. Morphometry of the human lung. Academic Press, New York 1963
- Wilcox D. C. Turbulence modeling for CFD. DCW Industries, Inc., La Cañada, CA 1998
- Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C. Modeling of low Reynolds number turbulent flows in locally constricted conduits: A comparison study. AIAA J. 2003; 41: 831–840, [CSA]
- Zhang Y., Finlay W. H. Measurement of the effect of cartilaginous rings on particle deposition in a proximal lung bifurcation model. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2005; 39: 394–399, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Zhang L., Asgharian B., Anjilvel S. Inertial deposition of particles in the human upper airway bifurcations. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1997; 26: 97–110, [CSA]
- Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C., Kim C. S. Gas-solid two-phase flow in a triple bifurcation lung airway model. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 2002a; 28: 1021–1046, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C., Kim C. S. Cyclic micron-size particle inhalation and deposition in a triple bifurcation lung airway model. Aerosol Sci. 2002b; 33: 257–281, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C., Donohue J. F., Kim C. S. Comparison of micro-and nano-size particle depositions in a human upper airway model. Aerosol Sci. 2005; 36: 211–233, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Zhao Y., Lieber B. B. Steady inspiratory flow in a model symmetric bifurcation. J. Biomech. Eng. 1994; 116: 488–496, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Zhou Y., Cheng Y. S. Particle deposition in a cast of human tracheobronchial airways. Aerosol Sci. Tech. 2005; 39: 492–500, [CROSSREF], [CSA]