REFERENCES
- Al Fayez S. F., Salleh M., Ardaawi M., Zahran F. M. Effects of sheesha and cigarette smoking on pulmonary function of Saudi males and females. Trop. Geogr. Med. 1988; 40: 115–123
- Aydin A., Kiter G., Durak H., Can E. S., Kaya G. C., Ceylan E. Water-pipe smoking effects on pulmonary permeability using technetium-99m DTPA inhalation scintigraphy. Ann. Nucl. Med. 2004; 18(4)285
- Bramer S. L., Kallungal B. A. Clinical considerations in study designs that use cotinine as a biomarker. Biomarkers 2003; 8(3–4)187–203
- Chaouachi K. Tabacologie du narguilé. Rev. Alcool. 1999; 21(1/83)88–89
- Di Giusto E., Eckhard I. Some properties of saliva cotinine measurements in indicating exposure to tobacco smoking. Am. J. Public Health 2004; 76: 1245–1246
- El Hakim I. E., Uthman M. A. Squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma of the lower lip associated with “Goza” and “Shisha” smoking. Int. J. Dermatol. 1999; 38: 108–110
- Etter J. F., Vu Duc T., Perneger T. V. Saliva cotinine levels in smokers and nonsmokers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2000; 151(3)251–258
- Harfouche C., Geahchan N., Saade G., Jabbour S., Shihadeh A. New research: Narghileh smokers exposed to dangerous chemicals. 2003, Press release, February
- Hukkannen J., Peyton J., III, Benowitz N. Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine. Pharmacol. Rev. 2005; 57: 79–115
- Jarvis M. J., Russell M. A., Benowitz N. L., Feyerabend C. Elimination of cotinine from body fluids: implications for noninvasive measurement of tobacco smoke exposure. Am. J. Public Health 2002; 78: 696–698
- McNeill A. D., Jarvis M. J., Stapleton J. A., West R. J., Bryant A. Nicotine intake in young smokers: Longitudinal study of saliva cotinine concentrations. Am. J. Public Health 2003; 79: 172–175
- Nuwayhid I. A., Yamout B., Azar G., Kambris M. A. Waterpipe (hubble-bubble) smoking, low birth weight, and other pregnancy outcomes. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1998; 148(4)375–383
- Rabbaa-Khabbaz L., Abi Daoud R., Karam Sarkis D. A simple, sensitive and rapid method for the determination of cotinine in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2006; 44(9)535–538
- Radwan G. N., Mohamed M. K., El-Setouhy M., Radwan G. N., Mohamed M. K., El-Setouhy M., Israel E. Review on water-pipe smoking. J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol. (Egypt) 2003; 33: 1051–1071, (3 suppl.)
- Raunio H., Rautio A., Gullsteân H., Pelkonen O. Polymorphisms of CYP2A6 and its practical consequences. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2001; 52: 357–363
- Sajid K. M., Akhter M., Malik G. Q. Carbon monoxide fractions in cigarette and hookah (hubble–bubble) smoke. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 1993; 43(9)179–182
- Shafagoj Y. A., Mohammed F. I., Hadidi K. A. Hubble-bubble (water pipe) smoking: Levels of nicotine and cotinine in plasma, saliva and urine. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2002; 40(6)249–255
- Shihadeh A. Investigation of mainstream smoke aerosol of the waterpipeh waterpipe. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2003; 41(1)143–152
- Shihadeh A., et al. Towards a topographical model of narghile water-pipe café smoking: A pilot study in a high socioeconomic status neighborhood of Beirut, Lebanon. Biochem. Pharmacol. Behav. 2004; 79(1)75–82
- Shihadeh A., Saleh R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, “tar,” nicotine in the mainstream smoke aerosol of the narguile water-pipe. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2005; 43(5)655–661
- Tamim H., Terro A., Kassem H., Ghazi A., Khamis T. A., Hay M. M., Musharafieh U. Tobacco use by university students, Lebanon 2001. Addiction 2003; 98(7)933–939
- Teeuwen H. W., Aalders R. J., Van Rossum J. M. Simultaneous estimation of nicotine and cotinine levels in biological fluids using high-resolution capillary-column gas chromatography combined with solid phase extraction work-up. J. Mol. Biol. Rep. 1988–1989; 13(3)165–175
- Torano J. S., van Kan J. Simultaneous determination of the tobacco smoke uptake parameters nicotine, cotinine and thiocyanate in urine, saliva and hair, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for characterization of smoking status of recently exposed subjects. Analyst 2003; 128(7)838–843
- Wong C. The history of the hubble-bubble. The Daily Northwestern November 23, 2002; 1
- World Health Organization Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg). Waterpipe tobacco smoking: Health effects, research needs and recommended actions by regulators. 2005, http://www.who.org Available at, Consulted February 2007
- Zahran F., Yousef A. A., Baig M. H. A study of carboxyhaemoglobin levels of cigarette and sheesha smokers in Saudi Arabia. Am. J. Public Health 1982; 72(7)722–724