Accounting for effects of system dynamics to improve accuracy of emissions reported in e-cig vaping machines

References

• Carcamo N, Robinson R, Pagano T. (2009). Analysis of four polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cigarette smoke using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Paper presented at the 237th American Chemical Society National Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT. March 22–26, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Carcamo N, Robinson R, Pagano T. (2010). Chemical analysis of seven ployaromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine in cigarette smoke from an improved smoking machine. Paper presented at the 239th American Chemical Society National Meeting, San Francisco, CA. March 21–25, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Cummings C, Bida M, DiFrancesco A, et al. (2017). Comparison of methods for the capture of e-cigarette emissions for the determination of constituents using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Paper presented at the 253rd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, San Francisco, CA. April 2–6, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Czogala J, Goniewicz ML, Fidelus B, et al. (2014). Secondhand exposure to vapors from electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 16:655–62. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Hellani A, El-Hage R, Baalbaki R, et al. (2015). Free-base and protonated nicotine in electronic cigarette liquids and aerosols. Chem Res Toxicol 28:1532–7. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Hellani A, Salman R, El-Hage R, et al. (2018). Nicotine and carbonyl emissions from popular electronic cigarette products: correlation to liquid composition and design characteristics. Nicotine Tob Res 20:215–223.
   Google Scholar
• Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. (2009). To protect the public health by providing the Food and Drug Administration with certain authority to regulate tobacco products, to amend title 5, United States Code, to make certain modifications in the Thrift Savings Plan, the Civil Service Retirement System, and the Federal Employees’ Retirement System, and for other purposes, Pub. L. No. 111-31, 1776 –1858 Stat. (2009 June 22).
   Google Scholar
• Farsalinos K, Gillman G, Poulas K, Voudris V. (2015a). Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in electronic cigarettes: comparison between liquid and aerosol levels. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12:9046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farsalinos KE, Kistler KA, Gillman G, Voudris V. (2015b). Evaluation of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosol for the presence of selected inhalation toxins. Nicotine Tob Res 17:168–74. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. (2012). 77 FR 20034 – Harmful and potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke; established list.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. (2016). 81 FR 28973 – Deeming tobacco products to be Subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as Amended by the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act; restrictions on the sale and distribution of tobacco products and required warning statements for tobacco products.
   Google Scholar
• Fuoco FC, Buonanno G, Stabile L, Vigo P. (2014). Influential parameters on particle concentration and size distribution in the mainstream of e-cigarettes. Environ Pollut 184:523–9. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiss O, Bianchi I, Barahona F, Barrero-Moreno J. (2015). Characterisation of mainstream and passive vapours emitted by selected electronic cigarettes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 218:169–80. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.001
   Google Scholar
• Goel R, Durand E, Trushin N, et al. (2015). Highly reactive free radicals in electronic cigarette aerosols. Chem Res Toxicol 28:1675–7. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goniewicz ML, Hajek P, McRobbie H. (2014). Nicotine content of electronic cigarettes, its release in vapour and its consistency across batches: regulatory implications. Addiction 109:500–7. doi:10.1111/add.12410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M, et al. (2013a). Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control 23:133–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goniewicz ML, Kuma T, Gawron M, et al. (2013b). Nicotine Levels in Electronic Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 15:158–66. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havel CM, Benowitz NL, Jacob IIIP, St.Helen G. (2017). An Electronic Cigarette Vaping Machine for the Characterization of Aerosol Delivery and Composition. Nicotine Tob Res 19:1224–31. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingebrethsen BJ, Cole SK, Alderman SL. (2012). Electronic cigarette aerosol particle size distribution measurements. Inhal Toxicol 24:976–84. doi:10.3109/08958378.2012.744781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISO/TC126. (2000). 4387:2000 Tobacco and tobacco products - Cigarettes – Determination of total and nicotine-free dry particulate matter using a routine analytical smoking machine.
   Google Scholar
• ISO/TC126. (2012). 3308:2012 Tobacco and tobacco products - Routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine-definitions and standard conditions.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen RP, Luo W, Pankow JF, et al. (2015). Hidden formaldehyde in e-cigarette aerosols. New Engl J Med 372:392–4. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1413069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim K-H. (2016). Mass change tracking approach as collection guidelines for aerosol and vapor samples released during e-cigarette smoking. Analyt Methods 8:2305–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Fik M, et al. (2014). Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors: effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage. Nicotine Tob Res 16:1319–26.
   Google Scholar
• Manigrasso M, Buonanno G, Fuoco FC, et al. (2015). Aerosol deposition doses in the human respiratory tree of electronic cigarette smokers. Environ Pollut 196:257–67. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marini S, Buonanno G, Stabile L, Ficco G. (2014). Short-term effects of electronic and tobacco cigarettes on exhaled nitric oxide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 278:9–15. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuley TR, Hopke PK, Zhao J, Babaian S. (2012). Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality. Inhal Toxicol 24:850–7. doi:10.3109/08958378.2012.724728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagano T, DiFrancesco AG, Smith SB, et al. (2016). Determination of nicotine content and delivery in disposable electronic cigarettes available in the United States by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nicotine Tob Res 18:700–7. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papoušek R, Pataj Z, Nováková P, et al. (2014). Determination of acrylamide and acrolein in smoke from tobacco and e-cigarettes. Chromatographia 77:1145–51. doi:10.1007/s10337-014-2729-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson RJ, Hensel EC, Roundtree KA, et al. (2016). Week long topography study of young adults using electronic cigarettes in their natural environment. PLoS One 11:e0164038. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soulet S, Pairaud C, Lalo H. (2017). A novel vaping machine dedicated to fully controlling the generation of e-cigarette emissions. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14:1225. doi:10.3390/ijerph14101225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talih S, Balhas Z, Eissenberg T, et al. (2015). Effects of user puff topography, device voltage, and liquid nicotine concentration on electronic cigarette nicotine yield: measurements and model predictions. Nicotine Tob Res 16:1319–26.
   Google Scholar
• Tayyarah R, Long GA. (2014). Comparison of select analytes in aerosol from e-cigarettes with smoke from conventional cigarettes and with ambient air. Regul Toxicol Pharm 70:704–10. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trehy ML, Ye W, Hadwiger ME, et al. (2011). Analysis of electronic cigarette cartridges, refill solutions, and smoke for nicotine and nicotine related impurities. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 34:1442–58. doi:10.1080/10826076.2011.572213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams M, Ghai S, Talbot P. (2015a). Disposable electronic cigarettes and electronic hookahs: evaluation of performance. Nicotine Tob Res 17:201–8. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams M, Talbot P. (2011). Variability among electronic cigarettes in the pressure drop, airflow rate, and aerosol production. Nicotine Tob Res 13:1276–83. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams M, To A, Bozhilov K, Talbot P. (2015b). Strategies to reduce tin and other metals in electronic cigarette aerosol. PLoS One 10:e0138933. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wink G, Robinson RJ, DeFrancesco AG, et al. (2015). Measuring the emission efficiency and nicotine delivery of electronic cigarettes. In. 249th ACS National Meeting & Exposition March 22–26, 2015, Denver, CO, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Sumner W, Chen D-R. (2013). In vitro particle size distributions in electronic and conventional cigarette aerosols suggest comparable deposition patterns. Nicotine Tob Res 15:501–8. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J, Pyrgiotakis G, Demokritou P. (2016). Development and characterization of electronic-cigarette exposure generation system (Ecig-EGS) for the physico-chemical and toxicological assessment of electronic cigarette emissions. Inhal Toxicol 28:658–69. doi:10.1080/08958378.2016.1246628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar