Publication Cover
Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 30, 2018 - Issue 9-10
849
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Composition and chemical health hazards of the most common electronic cigarette liquids in nine European countries

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 361-369 | Received 17 May 2018, Accepted 20 Sep 2018, Published online: 29 Oct 2018

References

  • Bird Y, et al. (2017). Prevalence and characteristics of flavoured tobacco use among students in grades 10 through 12: a national cross-sectional study in Canada, 2012–2013. Tob Induc Dis 15:20.
  • Cameron JM, Howell DN, White JR, et al. (2014). Variable and potentially fatal amounts of nicotine in e-cigarette nicotine solutions: table 1. Tob Control 23:77–8.
  • Cheah NP, Chong NWL, Tan J, et al. (2014). Electronic nicotine delivery systems: regulatory and safety challenges: Singapore perspective. Tob Control 23:119–25.
  • Cheng T. (2014). Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes. Tob Control 23:ii11–7.
  • European Commission. (2014). Tobacco products directive. Directive 2014/40/eu of the European parliament and of the council. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/health//sites/health/files/tobacco/docs/dir_201440_en.pdf [Last accessed: 18 Apr 2018].
  • European Commission. (2016). Commission implementing decision (EU) 2016/586 of 14 April 2016 on technical standards for the refill mechanism of electronic cigarettes. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016D0586&-from=EN [Last accessed: 18 Apr 2018].
  • Filippidis FT, Laverty AA, Gerovasili V, et al. (2017). Two-year trends and predictors of e-cigarette use in 27 European Union Member States. Tob Control 26:98–104.
  • Goniewicz ML, Gupta R, Lee YH, et al. (2015). Nicotine levels in electronic cigarette refill solutions: a comparative analysis of products from the U.S., Korea, and Poland. Int J Drug Pol 26:583–8.
  • Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M, et al. (2014). Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control 23:133–9.
  • Grana R, Benowitz N, Glantz SA. (2014). E-cigarettes: a scientific review. Circulation 129:1972–86.
  • Huang S-J, Xu Y-M, Lau ATY. (2018). Electronic cigarette: a recent update of its toxic effects on humans. J Cell Physiol 233:4466–78.
  • Kalkhoran S, Glantz SA. (2015). Modeling the health effects of expanding e-cigarette sales in the United States and United Kingdom. JAMA Inter Med 175:1671–18.
  • Kavvalakis MP, Stivaktakis PD, Tzatzarakis MN, et al. (2015). Multicomponent analysis of replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes using chromatographic techniques. J Anal Toxicol 39:262–9.
  • Kim AE, Arnold KY, Makarenko O. (2014). E-cigarette advertising expenditures in the U.S., 2011–2012. Am J Prev Med 46:409–12.
  • Kim S, Thiessen PA, Bolton EE, et al. (2016). PubChem substance and compound databases. Nucleic Acids Res 44:D1202–13.
  • Margham J, McAdam K, Forster M, et al. (2016). Chemical composition of aerosol from an e-cigarette: a quantitative comparison with cigarette smoke. Chem Res Toxicol 29:1662–78.
  • NCBI. PubChem Compound. (2018). Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound [Last accessed: 25 Jul 2018].
  • Palamidas A, et al. 2017. Acute effects of short term use of e-cigarettes on airways physiology and respiratory symptoms in smokers with and without airways obstructive diseases and in healthy non smokers. Tob Prev Cessation 3:5.
  • Pisinger C, Døssing M. (2014). A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes. Prev Med 69:248–60.
  • Poynton S, Sutton J, Goodall S, et al. (2017). A novel hybrid tobacco product that delivers a tobacco flavour note with vapour aerosol (part 1): product operation and preliminary aerosol chemistry assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 106:522–32.
  • Raymond BH, Collette-Merrill K, Harrison RG, et al. (2018). The nicotine content of a sample of e-cigarette liquid manufactured in the United States. J Addict Med 12:127–31.
  • Shields PG, Berman M, Brasky TM, et al. (2017). A review of pulmonary toxicity of electronic cigarettes in the context of smoking: a focus on inflammation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 26:1175–91.
  • Vardavas CI, et al. (2017). Characteristics and outcomes of e-cigarette exposure incidents reported to 10 european poison centers: a retrospective data analysis. Tob Induc Dis 15:36.
  • Wagener TL, Floyd EL, Stepanov I, et al. (2017). Have combustible cigarettes met their match? the nicotine delivery profiles and harmful constituent exposures of second-generation and third-generation electronic cigarette users. Tob Control 26:e23–8.
  • Zhao J, Nelson J, Dada O, et al. (2018). Assessing electronic cigarette emissions: linking physico-chemical properties to product brand, e-liquid flavoring additives, operational voltage and user puffing patterns. Inhalation Toxicol 30:78–88.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.