Advanced search
Publication Cover
Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 36, 2024 - Issue 1
Submit an article Journal homepage
67
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Long-term health complications of chemical weapon exposure: a study on Halabja chemical attack survivors (Iraqi Kurds)

Belal A. Muhammada Medical Laboratory Science Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
,
Salih A. Hamaa Medical Laboratory Science Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq;b Biology Department, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, IraqCorrespondence[email protected]
,
Karzan A.M Hawramic Sulaimani Polytechnic University Research Centre, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
,
Salar H. Karimd Chemical weapon victim’s hospital, Halabja General Directorate of Health, Halabja, Iraq
,
Gasha S. Ahmeda Medical Laboratory Science Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, IraqCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2841-5569
ORCID Icon &
Hawbash M. Rahima Medical Laboratory Science Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq;e Smart Health Tower, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq;f Kscien Organization, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, IraqORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0686-3793
ORCID Icon
Pages 26-30 | Received 26 Sep 2023, Accepted 30 Dec 2023, Published online: 08 Jan 2024

References

  • Ganesan K, Raza SK, Vijayaraghavan R. 2010. Chemical warfare agents. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2(3):166–178. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.68498.
  • Ghanei M, Fathi H, Mohammad MM, Aslani J, Nematizadeh F. 2004. Long-term respiratory disorders of claimers with subclinical exposure to chemical warfare agents. Inhal Toxicol. 16(8):491–495. doi:10.1080/08958370490442421.
  • Ghanei M, Harandi AA. 2007a. Long term consequences from exposure to sulfur mustard: a Review. Inhal Toxicol. 19(5):451–456. doi:10.1080/08958370601174990.
  • Ghanei M, Shohrati M, Harandi A, Eshraghi M, Aslani J, Alaeddini F, Manzoori H. 2007b. Inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting B2-agonists in treatment of patients with chronic bronchiolitis following exposure to sulfur mustard. Inhal Toxicol. 19(10):889–894. doi:10.1080/08958370701432132.
  • Ghanei M, Adibi I, Farhat F, Aslani J. 2008. Late respiratory effects of sulfur mustard: how is the early symptoms severity involved? Chron Respir Dis. 5(2):95–100. doi:10.1177/1479972307087191.
  • Ghanei M, Naderi M, Kosar AM, Harandi AA, Hopkinson NS, Poursaleh Z. 2010. Long-term pulmonary complications of chemical warfare agent exposure in Iraqi Kurdish civilians. Inhal Toxicol. 22(9):719–724. doi:10.3109/08958371003686016.
  • Gupta RC. 2015. Handbook of toxicology of chemical warfare agents. London, England: Elsevier.
  • Hama SA, Al-Jaff BMA, Mahmud BM. 2007. The effect of chemical warfare agents on the immune system of survivors in Halabja. JZS. 11(1):41–52. doi:10.17656/jzs.10179.
  • Kelly MJ. 1970. “Never again”? German chemical corporation complicity in the Kurdish genocide. Berkeley J Int Law. 31(2):348–391.
  • Khateri S, Soroush M, Mokhber N, Sedighimoghaddam M, Modirian E, Mousavi B, Mousavi SJ, Hosseini M. 2016. Mental health status following severe sulfur mustard exposure: a long-term study of Iranian War Survivors. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry. 9(2):e12252. doi:10.1111/appy.12252.
  • Moaiedmohseni S, Ghazanfari T, Araghizadeh H, Soroush MR, Yaraee R, Hassan ZM, Foroutan A, Mahdavi MR, Ghasemi H, Shams J, et al. 2009. Long-term health status 20 years after sulfur mustard exposure. Toxin Reviews. 28(1):3–7. doi:10.1080/15569540802689196.
  • Moradi F, Söderberg M, Moradi F, Daka B, Olin A-C, Lärstad M. 2019. Health perspectives among Halabja’s civilian survivors of sulfur mustard exposure with respiratory symptoms—a qualitative study. PLoS One. 14(6):e0218648. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218648.
  • Mousavi B, Khateri S, Soroush M, Ganjparvar Z. 2017. Sulfur mustard exposure and mental health in survivors of Iran–Iraq War with severe lung injuries. Toxin Reviews. 36(4):265–269. doi:10.1080/15569543.2017.1303779.
  • Muhammad BA. 2016. Effects of chemical weapons on cancer development in human. KJAR. 1(1):50–60. doi:10.24017/science.2016.1.1.5.
  • Nishimura Y, Iwamoto H, Ishikawa N, Hattori N, Horimasu Y, Ohshimo S, Fujitaka K, Kondo K, Hamada H, Awai K, et al. 2016. Long-term pulmonary complications of chemical weapons exposure in former poison gas factory workers. Inhal Toxicol. 28(8):343–348. doi:10.3109/08958378.2016.1173133.
  • Szinicz L. 2005. History of chemical and biological warfare agents. Toxicology. 214(3):167–181. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2005.06.011.
  • Talabani J, Ali A, Kadir A, Rashid R, Samin F, Greenwood D, Hay A. 2017. Long-term health effects of chemical warfare agents on children following a single heavy exposure. Hum Exp Toxicol. 37(8):836–847. doi:10.1177/0960327117734620.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.