LUNG CLEARANCE AND RETENTION OF TONER, TiO2, AND CRYSTALLINE SILICA, UTILIZING A TRACER TECHNIQUE DURING CHRONIC INHALATION EXPOSURE IN SYRIAN GOLDEN HAMSTERS

References

• Adamson, I. Y. R., and Bowden, D. H. 1981. Dose response of the pulmonary macrophagic system to various particulates and its relationship to transepithelial passage of free particles. Exp. Lung Res. 2:165–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellmann, B., Muhle, H., Creutzenberg, O., Kilpper, R ., Morrow, P., and Mermelstein, R. 1989. Reversibility of clearance impairment after subchronic test toner inhalation. Exp. Pathol. 17:234–238.
   Google Scholar
• Bellmann, B., Muhle, H., Creutzenberg, O., Dasenbrock, C., Kilpper, R., MacKenzie, J. C., Morrow, P., and Mermelstein, R. 1991. Lung clearance and retention of toner, utilizing a tracer technique, during chronic inhalation exposure in rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 17:300–313.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bellmann, B., Muhle, H., Creutzenberg, O., and Mermelstein, R. 1992. Irreversible pulmonary changes induced in rat lung by dust overload. Environ. Health Perspect. 97:189–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellmann, B., Muhle, H., Creutzenberg, O., and Mermelstein, R. 1998. The influence of lung burden on the toxicokinetics of inhaled insoluble particles upon cessation of exposure. lnhal. ToxicoL, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Brightwell, J., Fouillet, X., Cassano-Zoppi, A.-L., Bernstein, D., Crawley, F., Duchosal, F., Gatz, R., Perczel, S., and Pfeifer, H. 1989. Tumours of the respiratory tract in rats and hamsters following chronic inhalation of engine exhaust emissions.]. Appl. Toxicol. 9: 23–31.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, T. L., Lee, P. S., and Hering, E. E. 1984. Pulmonary retention of inhaled diesel particles after prolonged exposures to diesel exhaust. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 4:624–631.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Creutzenberg, O., Muhle, H., Bellmann, B., Dasenbrock, C., Ernst, H., Morrow, P., Kilpper, R., and Mermelstein, R. 1998. Time course of lung response upon cessation of insoluble particle expo-sure in rats. lnhal. Toxicol., in press.
   Google Scholar
• Gehr, P., Schürch, S., Im Hof, V., and Geiser, M. 1994. Inhaled particles deposited in the airways are displaced towards the epithelium. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 38\(suppl. 1):197–202.
   Google Scholar
• Gibb, E. R., and Morrow, P. E. 1962. Alveolar clearance in dogs after inhalation of iron-59 oxide aerosol.]. Appl. PhysioL 17:429–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffis, L. C., Wolff, R. K., Henderson, R. F., Griffith, W. C., Mokler, B. V., and McClellan, R. 0. 1983. Clearance of diesel soot particles from rat lung after subchronic diesel exhaust exposure. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 3:99–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heinrich, U., Peters, L., Funcke, W., Pott, F., Mohr, U., and Stöber, W. 1982. Investigation of toxic and carcinogenic effects of diesel exhaust in long-term inhalation exposure of rodents. In Toxicological effects of emissions from diesel engines, ed. S. Lewtas, pp. 225–242. New York: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Heinrich, U., Muhle, H., Koch, W., and Mohr, U. 1985. Long term inhalation studies with rodents. In Safety evaluation and regulation of chemicals, ed. F. Homburger, pp. 239–250. Basel: Karger.
   Google Scholar
• Heinrich, U., Muhle, H., Takenaka, S., Ernst, H., Fuhst, R., Mohr, U., Pott, F., and Stöber, W. 1986. Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters, mice and rats after long-term inhalation of high concentration of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine emissions. J. Appl. Toxicol. 6:383–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesterberg, T. W., McConnel, E. E., Miller, W. C., Chevalier, J., Everitt, J., Thevenaz, P., Fleissner, H., and Oberdörster, G. 1996. Use of lung toxicity and lung particle clearance to esti-mate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for a fiber glass chronic inhalation study in the rat. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 32: 31–44.
   Google Scholar
• Im Hof, V., Geiser, M., Schürch, S. and Gehr, P. 1994. Clearance of particles deposited on tracheal surfaces in hamsters. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 38\(suppl. 1):203–209.
   Google Scholar
• Mauderly, J. L. 1996. Lung overload: The dilemma and opportunities for resolution. In Particle over-load in the rat lung and lung cancer: Relevance for human risk assessment, eds. J. L. Mauderly and R. J. McCunney, Inhal. Toxicol. 8(suppl.):1-28.
   Google Scholar
• Mauderly, J. L., and McCunney, R. J., 1996. Particle overload in the rat lung and lung cancer: Relevance for human risk assessment. InhaL ToxicoL 8(suppl.).
   Google Scholar
• Mermelstein, R., Muhle, H., and Morrow, P. 1991. Induction of inflammation and fibrosis after expo-sure to insoluble and isometric particles. In Mechanisms in fibre carcinogenesis, ed. R. C. Brown, pp. 213-227. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mermelstein, R., Kilpper, R. W., Morrow, P. E., and Muhle, H. 1994. Lung overload, dosimetry of lung fibrosis and their implications to the respiratory dust standard. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 38\(suppl. 1):313–322.
   Google Scholar
• Morrow, P. E. 1986. The setting of particulate exposure levels for chronic inhalation toxicity studies. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 5:533–544.
   Google Scholar
• Morrow, P. E. 1988. Possible mechanisms to explain dust overloading of the lungs. Fund. Appl. ToxicoL 10:369–384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrow, P. E. 1992. Contemporary issues in toxicology. Dust overloading of the lungs: Update and appraisal. Toxicol. Appl. PharmacoL 113:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow, P. E., and Mermelstein, R. 1988. Chronic inhalation toxicity studies: Protocols and pitfalls. In Inhalation toxicology. The design and interpretation of inhalation studies and their use in risk assessment, ed. D. Dungworth, pp. 103–117. New York: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Muhle, H., Bellmann, B., Creutzenberg, 0., Stöber, W., Kilpper, R., MacKenzie, J. C., Morrow, P., and Mermelstein, R. 1988a. Pulmonary deposition, clearance and retention of test toner, TiO2 and quartz during a long term inhalation study in rats. Toxicologist8:272.
   Google Scholar
• Muhle, H., Bellmann, B., and Heinrich, U. 1988b. Overloading of lung clearance during chronic exposure of experimental animals to particles. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 32\(suppl. 1)1 41–147.
   Google Scholar
• Muhle, H., Bellmann, B., Creutzenberg, O., Fuhst, R., Kilpper, R., Koch, W., MacKenzie, J. ., Morrow, P. Mohr, U., Takenaka, S., and Mermelstein, R. 1990a. Subchronic inhalation of toner in rats. InhaL Toxicol. 2: 341–359.
   Google Scholar
• Muhle, H., Creutzenberg, O., Bellmann, B., Heinrich, U., and Mermelstein, R. 1990b. Dust overload-ing of lung: Investigation of various materials, species differences and irreversibility of effects.]. Aerosol Med. 3\(suppl. 1):111–128.
   Google Scholar
• Muhle, H., Bellmann, B., Creutzenberg, O., Dasenbrock, C., Ernst, H., Kilpper, R., MacKenzie, J.,
   Google Scholar
• Morrow, P., Mohr, U., Takenaka, S., and Mermelstein, R. 1991. Pulmonary response to toner upon chronic inhalation exposure in rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 17:280–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muhle, H., Creutzenberg, O., Bellmann, B., Dasenbrock, C., Ernst, H., Mohr, U., Morrow, P., and Mermelstein, R. 1998. Pulmonary response to toner, TiO2 and crystalline silica upon chronic inhalation exposure in Syrian golden hamsters. lnhal. Toxicol.
   Google Scholar
• Oberdörster, G. 1995. Lung particle overload: Implications for occupational exposures to particles. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 21:123–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdörster, G. 1997. Pulmonary carcinogenicity of inhaled particles and the maximum tolerated dose. Environ. Health Perspect. 105\(suppl. 5):1347–1355.
   Google Scholar
• Oberdörster, G., Ferin, J., and Morrow, P. E. 1992. Volumetric loading of alveolar macrophages (AM): A possible basis for diminished AM-mediated particle clearance. Exp. Lung Res. 18: 87–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raabe, O. G., Al-Bayati, M. A., Teague, S. V., and Rasolt, A. 1988. Regional deposition of inhaled monodisperse coarse and fine aerosol particles in small laboratory animals. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 32\(supp1.1):53–63.
   Google Scholar
• Snipes, M. B. 1989. Long-term retention and clearance of particles inhaled by mammalian species. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 20:175–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snipes, M. B., Boecker, B. B., and McClellan, R. 0. 1983. Retention of monodisperse or polydisperse aluminosilicate particles inhaled by dogs, rats, and mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 69:345–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sontag, J. M., Page, N. P., and Saffiotti, U. 1976. Guidelines for Carcinogen Bioassay in Small Rodents. DHHS Publication (NIH) 76-801. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health. Stahl, W. R. 1967. Scaling of respiratory variables in mammals.]. Appl. Phys. 22:453–460.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. Draft policy. Chem. ReguL Reporter May 9:158 (BNA).
   Google Scholar
• Vincent, J. H., Jones, A. D., Johnston, A. M., McMillan, C., Bolton, R. E., and Cowe, H. 1987. Accumulation of inhaled mineral dust in the lung and associated lymph nodes: Implications for exposure and dose in occupational lung disease. Ann. Appl. Hyg. 31:375–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vostal, J. J., Schreck, R. M., Lee, P. S., Chan, T. L., and Soderholm, S. C. 1982. Deposition and clear-ance of diesel particles from the lungs. In Toxicology of diesel exhaust emissions, ed. J. Lewtas, pp. 143–159. New York: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Warheit, D. B., Hansen, J. F., Yuen, I. S., Snajdr, S. I. and Hartsky, M.. 1996. Prolonged cellular pro-liferation and pulmonary inflammation are produced in rats inhaling high concentrations of low-toxicity insoluble particulates: Comparisons with cytotoxic dusts. In Particle overload in the rat lung and lung cancer: Relevance for human risk assessment, eds. J. L. Mauderly and R. J. McCunney, lnhal. Toxicol. 8(suppl.):155-167.
   Google Scholar
• Wehner, A. P., Dagle, G. E., and Milian, E. M. 1981. Chronic inhalation exposure of hamsters to nickel-enriched fly ash. Environ. Res. 26:195–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, R. K., Henderson, R. F., Snipes, M. B., Griffith, W. C., Mauderly, J. L., Cuddihy, R. G., and McClellan, R. 0. 1987. Alterations in particle accumulation and clearance in lungs of rats chronically exposed to diesel exhaust. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 9:154–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wunsch, G. 1976. Optische Analysenmethoden zur Bestimmung anorganischer Stoffe, pp. 188–193. Berlin: Verlag Walter de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar