TOXICOLOGIC EVALUATION OF FLAVOR INGREDIENTS ADDED TO CIGARETTE TOBACCO: 13-WEEK INHALATION EXPOSURES IN RATS

References

• Ayres, P. H., Mosberg, A. T., Burger, G. T., Hayes, A. W., Sagartz, J. W., and Coggins, C. R. E. 1989. Nose-only exposure of rats to carbon monoxide. Inhalation Toxicol. 1:349–363.
   Google Scholar
• Baumgartner, H., and Coggins, C. R. E. 1980. Description of a continuous-smoking inhalation machine for exposing small animals to tobacco smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch.10(3):169–174.
   Google Scholar
• Boorman, G. A., Morgan, K. T., and Uriah, L. C. 1990. Nose, larynx and trachea. In Pathology of the Fischer rat, eds. G. A. Boorman, S. L. Eustas, M. R. Elwell, C. A. Montgomery, Jr., and W. F. Mackenzie, pp. 315–337. San Diego: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Browne, C. [.1990. The design of cigarettes. Charlotte, NC: Hoechst Celanese Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Burger, G. T., Renne, R. A., Sagartz, J. W., Ayres, P. H., Coggins, C. R. E., Mosberg, A. T., and Hayes, A. W. 1989. Histologic changes in the respiratory tract-induced by inhalation of xenobiotics: Physiologic adaptation or toxicity? Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 101(3):521–542.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coggins, C. R. E., Lam, R., and Morgan, K. T. 1982. Chronic inhalation study in rats using cigarettes containing different amounts of Cytrel tobacco supplement. Toxicology22(4):287–296.
   Google Scholar
• Dalbey, W. E., Nettesheim, P., Griesmer., R., Caton, J. E., and Guerin, M. R. 1980. Chronic inhala-tion of cigarette smoke by F344 rats. JNCI 64(2):383–390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doull, J., Frawley, J. P., George, W. J., Loomis, T. A., Squire, R. A., and Taylor, S. L. 1994. A Safety Assessment of Ingredients Added to Tobacco in the Manufacture of Cigarettes. Washington, DC: Covington and Burling.
   Google Scholar
• Dungworth, D. L., Schwartz, L. W., and Tyler, W. S. 1976. Morphological methods for evaluation of pulmonary toxicity in animals. Annu. Rev. PharmacoL Toxicol. 16:381–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Trade Commission. 1997. Report of Tar, Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide of the Smoke of 1206 Varieties of Domestic Cigarettes for the Year 1994. Rockville, MD: Tobacco Institute of the FTC.
   Google Scholar
• Gaworski, C. L., Dozier, M. M., Gerhart, J. M., Rajendran, Brennecke, L. H., Aranyi, C., and Heck, J. D. 1997. 13-Week inhalation study of menthol cigarette smoke. Food Chem. Toxicol. 35: 683–692.
   Google Scholar
• Green, J. D., Chalmers, J., and Kinnard, D. J. 1989. The transfer of tobacco additives to cigarette smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 14:283–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hines, E. W., Franklin, J. J., and Owen, R. B. 1974. Tobacco flavoring: The basics-A to Z. Tobacco 176(11):62–64.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, D., and Hoffmann, I. 1997. The changing cigarette, 1950-1995. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 50:307–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotchkiss, J. A., Evans, W. A., Chen, B. T., Finch, G. L., and Harkema, J. R. 1995. Regional differ-ences in the effects of mainstream cigarette smoke on stored mucosubstances and DNA synthe-sis in F344 rat nasal respiratory epithelium. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 131:316–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC. 1985. Monographs of the carcinogenic risks of chemicals to humans, vol. 38, Tobacco smok-ing. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
   Google Scholar
• Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health. 1988. Fourth Report of the Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health. London: HM Stationery Office.
   Google Scholar
• Leffingwell, J. C., Young, H. J., and Bernasek, E. 1972. Tobacco Flavoring for Smoking Products. Winston-Salem, NC: R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, R. A., Miller, C. W., Roberts, D. L., Giles, J. A., Dickerson, J. P., Nelson, N. H., Rix, C. E., and Ayres, P. H. 1976. Flue-cured tobacco flavor. I. Essence and essential oil components. Tobacco ScL 20:40–48.
   Google Scholar
• Nikula, K. J., Avila, K. J., Griffith, W. C., and Mauderly, J. L. 1997. Lung tissue responses and sites of particulate retention differ between rats and cynomolgus monkeys exposed chronically to diesel exhaust and coal dust. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 37:37–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penney, D. G. 1993. Acute carbon monoxide poisoning in an animal model: The effects of altered glucose on morbidity and mortality. Toxicology 80:85–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pillsbury, H. C. 1996. Review of the Federal Trade Commission method for determining cigarette tar and nicotine yield. In The FTC cigarette test method for determining tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields of U.S. cigarettes: Report of the NCI Expert Committee, ed. Smoking and Tobacco Control Program, National Cancer Institute, D. R. Shopland, Coordinator, Monogr. 7, pp. 9–14. NIH Publication No. 96–1028. Washington, DC: National Cancer Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Sagartz, J. W., Madarasz, A. J., Forsell, M. A., Burger, G. T., Ayres, P. H., and Coggins, C. R. E. 1992. Histological sectioning of the rodent larynx for inhalation toxicity testing. Toxicol. Pathol. 20(1):118–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tobacco and Health Research Institute. 1990. Research Cigarettes. J. N. Diana, Director, and A. Vaught, Project Director. Lexington: University of Kentucky Printing Service.
   Google Scholar
• TR Staff Report. 1994. Safe. Tobacco Reporter 121(7):32–39.
   Google Scholar
• Triest, F. J. 1979. Smokers' flavor concepts evolving as additives' importance increases. Tobacco Int. 181(17):20–21.
   Google Scholar
• VanVunakis, H., Gjika, H. B., and Langone, J. J. 1987. Environmental carcinogens. Methods of analy-sis and exposure measurement, vol. 9, Passive smoking. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications No. 81.
   Google Scholar
• Vidic, B., Rana, M. W., and Bhagat, B. D. 1974. Reversible damage of rat upper respiratory tract caused by cigarette smoke. Arch. Otolaryngol. 99:110–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehner, A. P., Dagle, G. E., Milliman, E. M., Phelps, D. W., Carr, D. B., Decker, J. R., and Filipy, R. E. 1981. Inhalation bioassay of cigarette smoke in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 61(1):1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Young, J. T. 1981. Histopathologic examination of the rat nasal cavity. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1:309–312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zar, J. H. 1974. Biostatistical analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar