Physical metallurgy of medium-Mn advanced high-strength steels

References

• Miller RL. Ultrafine-grained microstructures and mechanical properties of alloy steels. Metall Trans. 1972;3:905–912.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S, Rana R, Haldar A, et al. Current state of Fe-Mn-Al-C low density steels. Prog Mater Sci. 2017;89:345–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs P. Design considerations for the third generation advanced high strength steel. PhD thesis, Colorado School of Mines; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Hu B, Luo H, Yang F, et al. Recent progress in medium-Mn steels made with new designing strategies, a review. J Mater Sci Technol. 2017;33:1457–1464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H, Suh DW, Kim NJ. Fe-Al-Mn-C lightweight structural alloys: a review on the microstructures and mechanical properties. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2013;14:014205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YK, Han J. Current opinion in medium manganese steel. Mater Sci Technol. 2014;31:843–856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh D-W, Kim S-J. Medium Mn transformation-induced plasticity steels: recent progress and challenges. Scr Mater. 2017;126:63–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh D-W, Park S-J, Lee T-H, et al. Influence of Al on the microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of low-carbon, manganese transformation-induced-plasticity steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2010;41:397–408.
   Google Scholar
• Sun B, Fazeli F, Scott C, et al. The influence of silicon additions on the deformation behavior of austenite-ferrite duplex medium manganese steels. Acta Mater. 2018;148:249–262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun B, Fazeli F, Scott C, et al. Microstructural characteristics and tensile behavior of medium manganese steels with different manganese additions. Mater Sci Eng A. 2018;729:496–507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Moor E, Speer J, Matlock D, et al. Heat treating opportunities for medium manganese steels. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Automobile Steel & the 3rd International Conference on High Manganese Steels, Chengdu, China; 2016: p. 15–18.
   Google Scholar
• Han J, Lee S-J, Jung J-G, et al. The effects of the initial martensite microstructure on the microstructure and tensile properties of intercritically annealed Fe-9Mn-0.05 C steel. Acta Mater. 2014;78:369–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama M, Zhang Z, Wang M, et al. Bone-like crack resistance in hierarchical metastable nanolaminate steels. Science. 2017;355:1055–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, De Cooman BC. Annealing temperature dependence of the tensile behavior of 10 pct Mn multi-phase TWIP-TRIP steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2014;45:6039–6052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Yu Q, Wang Z, et al. Making ultrastrong steel tough by grain-boundary delamination. Science. 2020;368:1347–1352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo EJ, Cho L, Estrin Y, et al. Microstructure-mechanical properties relationships for quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processed steel. Acta Mater. 2016;113:124–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun B, Fazeli F, Scott C, et al. Phase transformation behavior of medium manganese steels with 3 wt pct aluminum and 3 wt pct silicon during intercritical annealing. Metall Mater Trans A. 2016;47:4869–4882.
   Google Scholar
• Ding R, Yao Y, Sun B, et al. Chemical boundary engineering: a new route toward lean, ultrastrong yet ductile steels. Sci Adv. 2020;6:eaay1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raabe D, Sandlöbes S, Millán J, et al. Segregation engineering enables nanoscale martensite to austenite phase transformation at grain boundaries: a pathway to ductile martensite. Acta Mater. 2013;61:6132–6152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Silva AK, Ponge D, Peng Z, et al. Phase nucleation through confined spinodal fluctuations at crystal defects evidenced in Fe-Mn alloys. Nat Commun. 2018;9:1137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belde M, Springer H, Inden G, et al. Multiphase microstructures via confined precipitation and dissolution of vessel phases: example of austenite in martensitic steel. Acta Mater. 2015;86:1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzmina M, Herbig M, Ponge D, et al. Linear complexions: confined chemical and structural states at dislocations. Science. 2015;349:1080–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Y, Sun B, Schökel A, et al. Phase boundary segregation-induced strengthening and discontinuous yielding in ultrafine-grained duplex medium-Mn steels. Acta Mater. 2020;200:389–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun B, Lu W, Gault B, et al. Chemical heterogeneity enhances hydrogen resistance in high-strength steels. Nat Mater. 2021;20:1629–1634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He B, Hu B, Yen H, et al. High dislocation density-induced large ductility in deformed and partitioned steels. Science. 2017;357:1029–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohn SS, Song H, Kwak JH, et al. Dramatic improvement of strain hardening and ductility to 95% in highly-deformable high-strength duplex lightweight steels. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang F, Zhou J, Han Y, et al. A novel cold-rolled medium Mn steel with an ultra-high product of tensile strength and elongation. Mater Lett. 2020;258:126804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Y. Medium-manganese steels processed by austenite-reverted-transformation annealing for automotive applications. Mater Sci Technol. 2017;33:1713–1727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furukawa T, Huang H, Matsumura O. Effects of carbon content on mechanical properties of 5% Mn steels exhibiting transformation induced plasticity. Mater Sci Technol. 1994;10:964–970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao C, Song R, Zhang L, et al. Effect of annealing temperature on the microstructure and tensile properties of Fe-10Mn-10Al-0.7 C low-density steel. Mater Des. 2016;91:348–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun B, Palanisamy D, Ponge D, et al. Revealing fracture mechanisms of medium manganese steels with and without delta-ferrite. Acta Mater. 2019;164:683–696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews K. Empirical formulae for the calculation of some transformation temperatures. J Iron Steel Inst. 1965;203:721–727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capdevila C, et al. Determination of Ms temperature in steels: a bayesian neural network model. ISIJ international. 2002;42:894–902.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grange R, Stewart H. The temperature range of martensite formation. Trans AIME. 1946;167:467–501.
   Google Scholar
• Lee T-H, Oh C-S, Kim S-J. Effects of nitrogen on deformation-induced martensitic transformation in metastable austenitic Fe-18Cr-10Mn-N steels. Scr Mater. 2008;58:110–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angel T. Formation of martensite in austenitic stainless steels-effects of deformation, temperature, and composition. J Iron Steel Inst. 1954;177:165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Y-K, Choi C. Driving force for γ→ϵ martensitic transformation and stacking fault energy of γ in Fe-Mn binary system. Metall Mater Trans A. 2000;31:355–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabanas N, Penning J, Akdut N, et al. High-temperature deformation properties of austenitic Fe-Mn alloys. Metall Mater Trans A. 2006;37:3305–3315.
   Google Scholar
• De Cooman BC. High Mn TWIP steel and medium Mn steel. In: Radhakanta Rana and Shiv Brat Singh, editors. Automotive steels. Woodhead Publishing; 2017. p. 317–385.
   Google Scholar
• Han J, da Silva AK, Ponge D, et al. The effects of prior austenite grain boundaries and microstructural morphology on the impact toughness of intercritically annealed medium Mn steel. Acta Mater. 2017;122:199–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowski da Silva A, Kamachali RD, Ponge D, et al. Thermodynamics of grain boundary segregation, interfacial spinodal and their relevance for nucleation during solid-solid phase transitions. Acta Mater. 2019;168:109–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun WW, Wu YX, Yang SC, et al. Advanced high strength steel (AHSS) development through chemical patterning of austenite. Scr Mater. 2018;146:60–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latypov MI, Shin S, De Cooman BC, et al. Micromechanical finite element analysis of strain partitioning in multiphase medium manganese TWIP+TRIP steel. Acta Mater. 2016;108:219–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee T-H, Ha H-Y, Hwang B, et al. Effect of carbon fraction on stacking fault energy of austenitic stainless steels. Metall Mater Trans A. 2012;43:4455–4459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brofman P, Ansell G. On the effect of carbon on the stacking fault energy of austenitic stainless steels. Metall Mater Trans A. 1978;9:879–880.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee T-H, Shin E, Oh C-S, et al. Correlation between stacking fault energy and deformation microstructure in high-interstitial-alloyed austenitic steels. Acta Mater. 2010;58:3173–3186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs P, De Moor E, Merwin M, et al. Austenite stability effects on tensile behavior of manganese-enriched-austenite transformation-induced plasticity steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2011;42:3691–3702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Wang L, Huang M. Kinematic and thermal characteristics of Lüders and Portevin-Le Châtelier bands in a medium Mn transformation-induced plasticity steel. Acta Mater. 2017;124:17–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun B, Vanderesse N, Fazeli F, et al. Discontinuous strain-induced martensite transformation related to the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect in a medium manganese steel. Scr Mater. 2017;133:9–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun B, Ma Y, Vanderesse N, et al. Macroscopic to nanoscopic in situ investigation on yielding mechanisms in ultrafine grained medium Mn steels: role of the austenite-ferrite interface. Acta Mater. 2019;178:10–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkot MN, Sun B, Zhou X, et al. Hydrogen-assisted decohesion associated with nanosized grain boundary κ-carbides in a high-Mn lightweight steel. Acta Mater. 2022;241:118392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh B, Cho S, Kim Y, et al. Effect of aluminium on deformation mode and mechanical properties of austenitic Fe-Mn-Cr-Al-C alloys. Mater Sci Eng A. 1995;197:147–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Lee S-J, De Cooman BC. Effect of Al on the stacking fault energy of Fe-18Mn-0.6 C twinning-induced plasticity. Scr Mater. 2011;65:363–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehnhoff G, Findley K, De Cooman B. The influence of silicon and aluminum alloying on the lattice parameter and stacking fault energy of austenitic steel. Scr Mater. 2014;92:19–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang M, Woo W, Lee Y-K, et al. Neutron diffraction analysis of stacking fault energy in Fe–18Mn–2Al–0.6 C twinning-induced plasticity steels. Mater Lett. 2012;76:93–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeed-Akbari A, Imlau J, Prahl U, et al. Derivation and variation in composition-dependent stacking fault energy maps based on subregular solution model in high-manganese steels. Metall Mater Trans A. 2009;40:3076–3090.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu JH, Kim SK, Lee CS, et al. Effect of aluminium on hydrogen-induced fracture behaviour in austenitic Fe-Mn-C steel. Proc R. Soc A Math, Phys Eng Sci. 2013;469:20120458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama M, Akiyama E, Lee Y-K, et al. Overview of hydrogen embrittlement in high-Mn steels. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2017;42:12706–12723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song EJ, Bhadeshia H, Suh D-W. Interaction of aluminium with hydrogen in twinning-induced plasticity steel. Scr Mater. 2014;87:9–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han D, Lee S, Noh S, et al. Effect of aluminium on hydrogen permeation of high-manganese twinning-induced plasticity steel. Scr Mater. 2015;99:45–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park I-J, Jeong K-H, Jung J-G, et al. The mechanism of enhanced resistance to the hydrogen delayed fracture in Al-added Fe–18Mn–0.6 C twinning-induced plasticity steels. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2012;37:9925–9932.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shun T, Wan C, Byrne J. A study of work hardening in austenitic Fe-Mn-C and Fe-Mn-Al-C alloys. Acta Metall Mater. 1992;40:3407–3412.
   Google Scholar
• De Cooman BC, Estrin Y, Kim SK. Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels. Acta Mater. 2018;142:283–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumay A, Chateau JP, Allain S, et al. Influence of addition elements on the stacking-fault energy and mechanical properties of an austenitic Fe-Mn-C steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2008;483–484:184–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki T, Kozakai T, Tsuzuki T. Phase decompositions of Fe-Si-Al ordered alloys. J Mater Sci. 1986;21:2557–2564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marker MC, Skolyszewska-Kuhberger B, Effenberger HS, et al. Phase equilibria and structural investigations in the system Al-Fe-Si. Intermetallics. 2011;19:1919–1929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Estrin Y, De Cooman BC. Constitutive modeling of the mechanical properties of V-added medium manganese TRIP steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2013;44:3136–3146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He BB, Hu B, Yen HW, et al. High dislocation density-induced large ductility in deformed and partitioned steels. Science. 2017;357:1029–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai M, Li Z, Chao Q, et al. A novel Mo and Nb microalloyed medium Mn trip steel with maximal ultimate strength and moderate ductility. Metall Mater Trans A. 2014;45:5624–5634.
   Google Scholar
• Han Y, Shi J, Xu L, et al. Effects of Ti addition and reheating quenching on grain refinement and mechanical properties in low carbon medium manganese martensitic steel. Mater Des. 2012;34:427–434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhadeshia HKDH. Prevention of hydrogen embrittlement in steels. ISIJ Int. 2016;56:24–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park TM, Kim H-J, Um HY, et al. The possibility of enhanced hydrogen embrittlement resistance of medium-Mn steels by addition of micro-alloying elements. Mater Charact. 2020;165:110386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Z, Shen X, Allam T, et al. Austenite reversion and nano-precipitation during a compact two-step heat treatment of medium-Mn steel containing Cu and Ni. J Mater Res Technol. 2022;17:2601–2613.
   Google Scholar
• Li S, Wen P, Li S, et al. A novel medium-Mn steel with superior mechanical properties and marginal oxidization after press hardening. Acta Mater. 2021;205:116567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allam T, Guo X, Sevsek S, et al. Development of a Cr-Ni-VN medium manganese steel with balanced mechanical and corrosion properties. Metals (Basel). 2019;9:705.
   Google Scholar
• De Moor E, Matlock DK, Speer JG, et al. Austenite stabilization through manganese enrichment. Scr Mater. 2011;64:185–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bohemen S. Bainite and martensite start temperature calculated with exponential carbon dependence. Mater Sci Technol. 2012;28:487–495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai ZB, Chen H, Ding R, et al. Fundamentals and application of solid-state phase transformations for advanced high strength steels containing metastable retained austenite. Mater Sci Eng R-Reports. 2021;143:100590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wycliffe PA, Purdy GR, Embury JD. Growth of austenite in the intercritical annealing of Fe-C-Mn dual phase steels. Can Metall Q. 1981;20:339–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ågren J. Computer simulations of the austenite/ferrite diffusional transformations in low alloyed steels. Acta Metall. 1982;30:841–851.
   Google Scholar
• Wei R, Enomoto M, Hadian R, et al. Growth of austenite from as-quenched martensite during intercritical annealing in an Fe-0.1 C-3Mn-1.5 Si alloy. Acta Mater. 2013;61:697–707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huyan F, Yan J-Y, Höglund L, et al. Simulation of the growth of austenite from as-quenched martensite in medium Mn steels. Metall Mater Trans A. 2018;49:1053–1060.
   Google Scholar
• Wu YX, Sun WW, Gao X, et al. The effect of alloying elements on cementite coarsening during martensite tempering. Acta Mater. 2020;183:418–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamoto G, Usuki H, Li Z-D, et al. Effects of Mn, Si and Cr addition on reverse transformation at 1073 K from spheroidized cementite structure in Fe-0.6 mass% C alloy. Acta Mater. 2010;58:4492–4502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu YX, Sun WW, Styles MJ, et al. Cementite coarsening during the tempering of Fe-C-Mn martensite. Acta Mater. 2018;159:209–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu YX, Wang LY, Sun WW, et al. Austenite formation kinetics from multicomponent cementite-ferrite aggregates. Acta Mater. 2020;196:470–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller JJ, Hu X, Sun X, et al. Austenite formation and cementite dissolution during intercritical annealing of a medium-manganese steel from a martensitic condition. Mater Des. 2021;203:109598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai Q, Gouné M, Perlade A, et al. Mechanism of austenite formation from spheroidized microstructure in an intermediate Fe-0.1 C-3.5 Mn steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2016;47:3375–3386.
   Google Scholar
• Nehrenberg A. The growth of austenite as related to prior structure. JOM. 1950;2:162–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimmins S, Gooch D. Austenite memory effect in 1Cr-1Mo-0.75V (Ti, B) steel. Metal Science. 1983;17:519–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Miyamoto G, Toji Y, et al. Orientation of austenite reverted from martensite in Fe-2Mn-1.5Si-0.3C alloy. Acta Mater. 2018;144:601–612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dmitrieva O, Ponge D, Inden G, et al. Chemical gradients across phase boundaries between martensite and austenite in steel studied by atom probe tomography and simulation. Acta Mater. 2011;59:364–374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Miyamoto G, Kaneshita T, et al. Growth mode of austenite during reversion from martensite in Fe-2Mn-1.5Si-0.3C alloy: a transition in kinetics and morphology. Acta Mater. 2018;154:1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang J, Poole W, Militzer M. Austenite formation during intercritical annealing. Metall Mater Trans A. 2004;35:3363–3375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng C, Raabe D. Interaction between recrystallization and phase transformation during intercritical annealing in a cold-rolled dual-phase steel: a cellular automaton model. Acta Mater. 2013;61:5504–5517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulakov M, Poole W, Militzer M. The effect of the initial microstructure on recrystallization and austenite formation in a DP600 steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2013;44:3564–3576.
   Google Scholar
• Ollat M, Massardier V, Fabregue D, et al. Modeling of the recrystallization and austenite formation overlapping in cold-rolled dual-phase steels during intercritical treatments. Metall Mater Trans A. 2017;48:4486–4499.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia CI, Deardo AJ. Formation of austenite in 1.5 pct Mn steels. Metall Trans A. 1981;12:521–530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozeschnik E. A Scheil-Gulliver model with back-diffusion applied to the microsegregation of chromium in Fe-Cr-C alloys. Metall Mater Trans A. 2000;31:1682–1684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inden G. Ordering and segregation reactions in b.c.c. binary alloys. Acta Metall. 1974;22:945–951.
   Google Scholar
• Büth J, Inden G. Ordering and segregation reactions in f.c.c. binary alloys. Acta Metall. 1982;30:213–224.
   Google Scholar
• Gault B, Breen AJ, Chang Y, et al. Interfaces and defect composition at the near-atomic scale through atom probe tomography investigations. J Mater Res. 2018;23:4018–4030.
   Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowski da Silva A, Inden G, Kumar A, et al. Competition between formation of carbides and reversed austenite during tempering of a medium-manganese steel studied by thermodynamic-kinetic simulations and atom probe tomography. Acta Mater. 2018;147:165–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowski da Silva A, Leyson G, Kuzmina M, et al. Confined chemical and structural states at dislocations in Fe-9wt%Mn steels: a correlative TEM-atom probe study combined with multiscale modelling. Acta Mater. 2017;124:305–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowski da Silva A, Souza Filho IR, Lu W, et al. A sustainable ultra-high strength Fe18Mn3Ti maraging steel through controlled solute segregation and α-Mn nanoprecipitation. Nat Commun. 2022;13:2330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guttmann M. Equilibrium segregation in a ternary solution-model for temper embrittlement. Surf Sci. 1975;53:213–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guttmann M. Grain-boundary segregation, two dimensional compound formation, and precipitation. Metall Trans A. 1977;8:1383–1401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejček P. Models of equilibrium grain boundary segregation. In: Pavel Lejcek, editor. Grain boundary segregation in metals. Berlin: Springer; 2010. p. 51–102.
   Google Scholar
• Darvishi Kamachali R, Kwiatkowski da Silva A, McEniry E, et al. Segregation-assisted spinodal and transient spinodal phase separation at grain boundaries. NPJ Comput Mater. 2020;6:191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza Filho IR, Kwiatkowski da Silva A, Sandim MJR, et al. Martensite to austenite reversion in a high-Mn steel: partitioning-dependent two-stage kinetics revealed by atom probe tomography, in-situ magnetic measurements and simulation. Acta Mater. 2019;166:178–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng Z, Lu Y, Hatzoglou C, et al. An automated computational approach for complete in-plane compositional interface analysis by atom probe tomography. Microsc Microanal. 2019;25:389–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzing JT, Kwiatkowski da Silva A, Morsdorf L, et al. Multi-scale characterization of austenite reversion and martensite recovery in a cold-rolled medium-Mn steel. Acta Mater. 2019;166:512–530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H, Jo MC, Sohn SS, et al. Novel medium-Mn (austenite+martensite) duplex hot-rolled steel achieving 1.6 GPa strength with 20% ductility by Mn-segregation-induced TRIP mechanism. Acta Mater. 2018;147:247–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu G, Li T, Yang Z, et al. On the role of chemical heterogeneity in phase transformations and mechanical behavior of flash annealed quenching & partitioning steels. Acta Mater. 2020;201:266–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun B, Ding R, Brodusch N, et al. Improving the ductility of ultrahigh-strength medium Mn steels via introducing pre-existed austenite acting as a “reservoir” for Mn atoms. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019;749:235–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu G, Dai Z, Yang Z, et al. Kinetic transitions and Mn partitioning during austenite growth from a mixture of partitioned cementite and ferrite: role of heating rate. J Mater Sci Technol. 2020;49:70–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Gu G, Koo M, et al. Enhanced ductility of as-quenched martensite by highly stable nano-sized austenite. Scr Mater. 2021;201:113955.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Kwon M-H, Gu G, et al. Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processed medium Mn steel starting from heterogeneous microstructure. Materialia. 2020;12:100757.
   Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Gu G, Kwon M-H, et al. Microstructure and tensile properties of chemically heterogeneous steel consisting of martensite and austenite. Acta Mater. 2022;223:117506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Jiang M, Tasan CC. Manganese micro-segregation governed austenite re-reversion and its mechanical effects. Scr Mater. 2020;179:75–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong MS, Park TM, Choi S, et al. Recovering the ductility of medium-Mn steel by restoring the original microstructure. Scr Mater. 2021;190:16–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enomoto M, Li S, Yang Z, et al. Partition and non-partition transition of austenite growth from a ferrite and cementite mixture in hypo-and hypereutectoid Fe-C-Mn alloys. Calphad. 2018;61:116–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan X, Liu G, Ding R, et al. Stabilizing austenite via a core-shell structure in the medium Mn steels. Scr Mater. 2019;166:68–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Chen C, Feng Q, et al. Dislocation activities at the martensite phase transformation interface in metastable austenitic stainless steel: an in-situ TEM study. Mater Sci Eng A. 2017;703:236–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouaziz O, Estrin Y, Brechet Y, et al. Critical grain size for dislocation storage and consequences for strain hardening of nanocrystalline materials. Scr Mater. 2010;63:477–479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez-Urrutia I, Zaefferer S, Raabe D. The effect of grain size and grain orientation on deformation twinning in a Fe-22 wt.% Mn-0.6 wt.% C TWIP steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010;527:3552–3560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park K-T, Shin DH. Microstructural interpretation of negligible strain-hardening behavior of submicrometer-grained low-carbon steel during tensile deformation. Metall Mater Trans A. 2002;33:705–707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueji R, Tsuchida N, Terada D, et al. Tensile properties and twinning behavior of high manganese austenitic steel with fine-grained structure. Scr Mater. 2008;59:963–966.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura I. Deformation-induced martensitic transformation and transformation-induced plasticity in steels. Met Sci. 1982;16:245–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo M. Thermodynamics of martensitic transformations in the framework of the CALPHAD approach. Calphad. 2008;32:693–708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson G, Cohen M. A mechanism for the strain-induced nucleation of martensitic transformations. J Less Common Met. 1972;28:107–118.
   Google Scholar
• Bogers AJ, Burgers WG. Partial dislocations on the {110} planes in the B.C.C. lattice and the transition of the F.C.C. into the B.C.C. lattice. Acta Metall. 1964;12:255–261.
   Google Scholar
• Olson G, Cohen M. A general mechanism of martensitic nucleation: Part II. FCC→ BCC and other martensitic transformations. Metall Trans A. 1976;7:1905–1914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X-S, Sun S, Zhang T-Y. The mechanism of bcc α′ nucleation in single hcp ϵ laths in the fcc γ →hcp ϵ →bcc α′ martensitic phase transformation. Acta Mater. 2015;95:264–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita H, Katayama T. In-situ observation of strain-induced γ→ϵ→α′ and γ→α′ martensitic transformations in Fe-Cr-Ni alloys. Mater Trans JIM. 1992;33:243–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang XS, Sun S, Wu XL, et al. Dissecting the mechanism of martensitic transformation via atomic-scale observations. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracke L, Kestens L, Penning J. Transformation mechanism of a'-martensite in an austenitic Fe-Mn-C-N alloy. Scr Mater. 2007;57:385–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Tol R, Kim J, Zhao L, et al. α′-Martensite formation in deep-drawn Mn-based TWIP steel. J Mater Sci. 2012;47:4845–4850.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Woo W, De Cooman BC. Analysis of the tensile behavior of 12 pct Mn multi-phase (α + γ) TWIP + TRIP steel by neutron diffraction. Metall Mater Trans A. 2016;47:2125–2140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimaga O, He B, Cheng G, et al. Revealing orientation-dependent martensitic transformation in a medium Mn steel by micropillar compression. Int J Plast. 2019;123:165–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen H-W, Ooi SW, Eizadjou M, et al. Role of stress-assisted martensite in the design of strong ultrafine-grained duplex steels. Acta Mater. 2015;82:100–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field D, Garza-Martinez L, Van Aken D. Processing and properties of medium-Mn TRIP steel to obtain a two-stage TRIP behavior. Metall Mater Trans A. 2020;51:4427–4433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cooman BC, Gibbs P, Lee S, et al. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of yielding in ultrafine-grained medium Mn transformation-induced plasticity steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2013;44:2563–2572.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs PJ, De Cooman B, Brown DW, et al. Strain partitioning in ultra-fine grained medium-manganese transformation induced plasticity steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2014;609:323–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He B. On the factors governing austenite stability: intrinsic versus extrinsic. Materials (Basel). 2020;13:3440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soleimani M, Kalhor A, Mirzadeh H. Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) in advanced steels: a review. Mater Sci Eng A. 2020;795:140023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez-Urrutia I, Raabe D. Dislocation and twin substructure evolution during strain hardening of an Fe-22wt.% Mn-0.6wt.% C TWIP steel observed by electron channeling contrast imaging. Acta Mater. 2011;59:6449–6462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouaziz O, Guelton N. Modelling of TWIP effect on work-hardening. Mater Sci Eng A. 2001;319:246–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouaziz O, Allain S, Scott C. Effect of grain and twin boundaries on the hardening mechanisms of twinning-induced plasticity steels. Scr Mater. 2008;58:484–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouaziz O, Allain S, Scott C, et al. High manganese austenitic twinning induced plasticity steels: a review of the microstructure properties relationships. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci. 2011;15:141–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohn SS, Choi K, Kwak J-H, et al. Novel ferrite-austenite duplex lightweight steel with 77% ductility by transformation induced plasticity and twinning induced plasticity mechanisms. Acta Mater. 2014;78:181–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C-Y, Jeong J, Han J, et al. Coupled strengthening in a medium manganese lightweight steel with an inhomogeneously grained structure of austenite. Acta Mater. 2015;84:1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok T, Rahman K, Xu X, et al. Design of a high strength, high ductility 12 wt% Mn medium manganese steel with hierarchical deformation behaviour. Mater Sci Eng A. 2020;782:139258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park TM, Jeong MS, Jung C, et al. Improved strength of a medium-Mn steel by V addition without sacrificing ductility. Mater Sci Eng A. 2021;802:140681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian Y, Bai Y, Zhao L, et al. A novel ultrafine-grained Fe22Mn0.6C TWIP steel with superior strength and ductility. Mater Charact. 2017;126:74–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez-Urrutia I, Raabe D. Grain size effect on strain hardening in twinning-induced plasticity steels. Scr Mater. 2012;66:992–996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman K, Vorontsov V, Dye D. The effect of grain size on the twin initiation stress in a TWIP steel. Acta Mater. 2015;89:247–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormigk P. A model for the Portevin-Le chatelier effect in substitutional alloys. Acta Metall. 1972;20:351–354.
   Google Scholar
• Nam J-H, Oh S-K, Park M-h, et al. The mechanism of dynamic strain aging for type A serrations in tensile curves of a medium-Mn steel. Acta Mater. 2021;206:116613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field DM, Van Aken DC. Dynamic strain aging phenomena and tensile response of medium-Mn TRIP steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2018;49:1152–1166.
   Google Scholar
• Yang F, Luo H, Pu E, et al. On the characteristics of Portevin-Le Chatelier bands in cold-rolled 7Mn steel showing transformation-induced plasticity. Int J Plast. 2018;103:188–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose K, Gloverj S. A study of strain-ageing in austenite. Acta Metall. 1966;14:1505–1516.
   Google Scholar
• Lee S-J, Kim J, Kane SN, et al. On the origin of dynamic strain aging in twinning-induced plasticity steels. Acta Mater. 2011;59:6809–6819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh S-K, Kilic ME, Seol J-B, et al. The mechanism of dynamic strain aging for type A serrations in tensile flow curves of Fe-18Mn-0.55 C (wt. %) twinning-induced plasticity steel. Acta Materialia. 2020;188:366–375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mola J, Luan G, Huang Q, et al. Dynamic strain aging mechanisms in a metastable austenitic stainless steel. Acta Mater. 2021;212:116888.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasan CC, Diehl M, Yan D, et al. An overview of dual-phase steels: advances in microstructure-oriented processing and micromechanically guided design. Annu Rev Mater Res. 2015;45:391–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodjit S, Uthaisangsuk V. Microstructure based prediction of strain hardening behavior of dual phase steels. Mater Des. 2012;41:370–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashby M. Work hardening of dispersion-hardened crystals. Philos Mag. 1966;14:1157–1178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Z, Guan Z, Lian J. Effects of microstructural variables on the deformation behaviour of dual-phase steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 1995;190:55–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calcagnotto M, Ponge D, Demir E, et al. Orientation gradients and geometrically necessary dislocations in ultrafine grained dual-phase steels studied by 2D and 3D EBSD. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010;527:2738–2746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He B, Huang M. Strong and ductile medium Mn steel without transformation-induced plasticity effect. Mater Res Lett. 2018;6:365–371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calcagnotto M, Adachi Y, Ponge D, et al. Deformation and fracture mechanisms in fine-and ultrafine-grained ferrite/martensite dual-phase steels and the effect of aging. Acta Mater. 2011;59:658–670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raabe D, Sun B, Da Silva AK, et al. Current challenges and opportunities in microstructure-related properties of advanced high-strength steels. Metall Mater Trans A. 2020;51:5517–5586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta A, Ponge D, Sandlöbes S, et al. Strain partitioning and strain localization in medium manganese steels measured by in situ microscopic digital image correlation. Materialia. 2019;5:100252.
   Google Scholar
• Cong ZH, Jia N, Sun X, et al. Stress and strain partitioning of ferrite and martensite during deformation. Metall Mater Trans A. 2009;40:1383–1387.
   Google Scholar
• Sun B, Fazeli F, Scott C, et al. Critical role of strain partitioning and deformation twinning on cracking phenomenon occurring during cold rolling of two duplex medium manganese steels. Scr Mater. 2017;130:49–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varanasi RS, Zaefferer S, Sun B, et al. Localized deformation inside the Lüders front of a medium manganese steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2021;824:141816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama M, Yamashita T, Morooka S, et al. Microstructure and plasticity evolution during Lüders deformation in an Fe-5Mn-0.1C medium-Mn steel. ISIJ Int. 2022;62:2036–2042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He BB, Liang ZY, Huang MX. Nanoindentation investigation on the initiation of yield point phenomenon in a medium Mn steel. Scr Mater. 2018;150:134–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XG, Liu CH, He BB, et al. Microscopic strain partitioning in Lüders band of an ultrafine-grained medium Mn steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019;761:138050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Ding H, Misra RDK, et al. Deformation behavior in cold-rolled medium-manganese TRIP steel and effect of pre-strain on the Lüders bands. Mater Sci Eng A. 2017;679:230–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Li R, Ding J, et al. In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction mapping of Lüders band propagation in medium-Mn transformation-induced plasticity steels. Mater Res Lett. 2018;6:662–667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo H, Dong H, Huang M. Effect of intercritical annealing on the Lüders strains of medium Mn transformation-induced plasticity steels. Mater Des. 2015;83:42–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steineder K, Krizan D, Schneider R, et al. On the microstructural characteristics influencing the yielding behavior of ultra-fine grained medium-Mn steels. Acta Mater. 2017;139:39–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottrell AH, Bilby BA. Dislocation theory of yielding and strain ageing of iron. Proc Phys Soc London Sect A. 1949;62:49.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston WG, Gilman JJ. Dislocation velocities, dislocation densities and plastic flow in lithium fluoride crystals. J Appl Phys. 1959;30:129–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji N, Ito Y, Saito Y, et al. Strength and ductility of ultrafine grained aluminum and iron produced by ARB and annealing. Scr Mater. 2002;47:893–899.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capolungo L, Spearot D, Cherkaoui M, et al. Dislocation nucleation from bicrystal interfaces and grain boundary ledges: relationship to nanocrystalline deformation. J Mech Phys Solids. 2007;55:2300–2327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanter MS, Golovin IS, De Batist R, et al. Effect of plastic deformation on the carbon internal friction peak in austenitic steels. Phys Status Solidi (a). 2000;178:621–632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YZ, Luo ZC, Liang ZY, et al. Effect of carbon on strain-rate and temperature sensitivity of twinning-induced plasticity steels: modeling and experiments. Acta Mater. 2019;165:278–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider R, Steineder K, Krizan D, et al. Effect of the heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-Mn-steels. Mater Sci Technol. 2019;35:2045–2053.
   Google Scholar
• Lee S, Lee S-J, Santhosh Kumar S, et al. Localized deformation in multiphase, ultra-fine-grained 6 pct Mn transformation-induced plasticity steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2011;42:3638–3651.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steineder K, Krizan D, Schneider R, et al. On the damage behavior of a 0.1C6Mn medium-Mn steel. Steel Res Int. 2018;89:1700378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi H, Lee S, Lee J, et al. Characterization of fracture in medium Mn steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2017;687:200–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M-M, Tasan CC, Ponge D, et al. Nanolaminate transformation-induced plasticity–twinning-induced plasticity steel with dynamic strain partitioning and enhanced damage resistance. Acta Mater. 2015;85:216–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Tasan CC, Koyama M, et al. Enhancing hydrogen embrittlement resistance of lath martensite by introducing nano-films of interlath austenite. Metall Mater Trans A. 2015;46:3797–3802.
   Google Scholar
• Sun B, Krieger W, Rohwerder M, et al. Dependence of hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms on microstructure-driven hydrogen distribution in medium Mn steels. Acta Mater. 2020;183:313–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MT, Park TM, Baik K-H, et al. Crucial microstructural feature to determine the impact toughness of intercritically annealed medium-Mn steel with triplex-phase microstructure. Acta Mater. 2019;164:122–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonizzo Q, Gourgues-Lorenzon A-F, Mazière M, et al. Microstructure, plastic flow and fracture behavior of ferrite-austenite duplex low density medium Mn steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2017;706:217–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun B, Aydin H, Fazeli F, et al. Microstructure evolution of a medium manganese steel during thermomechanical processing. Metall Mater Trans A. 2016;47:1782–1791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohn SS, Lee B-J, Kwak J-H, et al. Effects of annealing treatment prior to cold rolling on the edge cracking phenomenon of ferritic lightweight steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2014;45:3844–3856.
   Google Scholar
• Han J, Nam J-H, Lee Y-K. The mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement in intercritically annealed medium Mn TRIP steel. Acta Mater. 2016;113:1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielding L, Song EJ, Han D-K, et al. Hydrogen diffusion and the percolation of austenite in nanostructured bainitic steel. Proc R. Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2014;470:20140108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong X, Wang D, Thoudden-Sukumar P, et al. Hydrogen-associated decohesion and localized plasticity in a high-Mn and high-Al two-phase lightweight steel. Acta Mater. 2022;239:118296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer J, Ansell G. The volume expansion accompanying the martensite transformation in iron-carbon alloys. Metall Trans A. 1975;6:1785.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornbogen E. Martensitic transformation at a propagating crack. Acta Metall. 1978;26:147–152.
   Google Scholar
• Evans AG, Cannon R. Toughening of brittle solids by martensitic transformations. Acta Metall. 1986;34:761–800.
   Google Scholar
• Antolovich SD, Singh B. On the toughness increment associated with the austenite to martensite phase transformation in TRIP steels. Metall Mater Trans B. 1971;2:2135–2141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Liu C, Sun B, et al. The dual role of martensitic transformation in fatigue crack growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2022;119:e2110139119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss G. Martensite in steel: strength and structure. Mater Sci Eng A. 1999;273:40–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raabe D, Li Z, Ponge D. Metastability alloy design. MRS Bull. 2019;44:266–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun B, Wang D, Lu X, et al. Current challenges and opportunities toward understanding Hydrogen Embrittlement mechanisms in advanced high-strength steels: a review. Acta Metall Sinica (English Lett). 2021;6:741–754.
   Google Scholar
• Ryu JH, Chun YS, Lee CS, et al. Effect of deformation on hydrogen trapping and effusion in TRIP-assisted steel. Acta Mater. 2012;60:4085–4092.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss G. Deformation and fracture in martensitic carbon steels tempered at low temperatures. Metall Mater Trans B. 2001;32:205–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raabe D, Herbig M, Sandlöbes S, et al. Grain boundary segregation engineering in metallic alloys: a pathway to the design of interfaces. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci. 2014;18:253–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seah M. Adsorption-induced interface decohesion. Acta Metall. 1980;28:955–962.
   Google Scholar
• Kuzmina M, Ponge D, Raabe D. Grain boundary segregation engineering and austenite reversion turn embrittlement into toughness: example of a 9 wt.% medium Mn steel. Acta Mater. 2015;86:182–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J, McMahon C. The effects of composition and carbide precipitation on temper embrittlement of 2.25 Cr-1 Mo steel: Part II. Effects of Mn and Si. Metall Trans A. 1980;11:291.
   Google Scholar
• Guttmann M, Dumoulin P, Wayman M. The thermodynamics of interactive co-segregation of phosphorus and alloying elements in iron and temper-brittle steels. Metall Trans A. 1982;13:1693–1711.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito K, Sawada H, Ogata S. First-principles study on the grain boundary embrittlement of bcc-Fe by Mn segregation. Phys Rev Mater. 2019;3:013609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai Q, Bouaziz O, Gouné M, et al. Damage and fracture of dual-phase steels: influence of martensite volume fraction. Mater Sci Eng A. 2015;646:322–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calcagnotto M, Ponge D, Raabe D. On the effect of manganese on grain size stability and hardenability in ultrafine-grained ferrite/martensite dual-phase steels. Metall Mater Trans A. 2012;43:37–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamsjäger E, Wiessner M, Schider S, et al. Analysis of the mobility of migrating austenite–ferrite interfaces. Philos Mag. 2015;95:2899–2917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Huang M, Sun B, et al. Critical role of Lüders banding in hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of medium Mn steels. Scr Mater. 2021;190:32–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao W, Zhang M, Huang C, et al. Ultrahigh Charpy impact toughness (∼450J) achieved in high strength ferrite/martensite laminated steels. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura Y, Inoue T, Yin F, et al. Inverse temperature dependence of toughness in an ultrafine grain-structure steel. Science. 2008;320:1057–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong I, Ryu KM, Lee DG, et al. Austenite morphology and resistance to hydrogen embrittlement in medium Mn transformation-induced plasticity steel. Scr Mater. 2019;169:52–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matlock DK, Speer JG. Third generation of AHSS: microstructure design concepts. In: Arunansu Haldar, Satyam Suwas, Debashish Bhattacharjee, editors. Microstructure and texture in steels. Springer; 2009. p. 185–205.
   Google Scholar
• Liu S, Xiong Z, Guo H, et al. The significance of multi-step partitioning: processing-structure-property relationship in governing high strength-high ductility combination in medium-manganese steels. Acta Mater. 2017;124:159–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He B, Liu L, Huang M. Room-temperature quenching and partitioning steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2018;49:3167–3172.
   Google Scholar
• Speer J. Phase transformations in quenched and partitioned steels. In: Elena Pereloma and David V. Edmonds, editors. Phase transformations in steels. Elsevier; 2012. p. 247–270.
   Google Scholar
• Speer JG, De Moor E, Clarke AJ. Critical assessment 7: quenching and partitioning. Mater Sci Technol. 2015;31:3–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong H, Cao W, Liu Z, et al. The medium manganese steels: phenomena and industry potentials. Proceedings of HMnS2011 Conference, Seoul, Korea; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Shi J, Sun X, Wang M, et al. Enhanced work-hardening behavior and mechanical properties in ultrafine-grained steels with large-fractioned metastable austenite. Scr Mater. 2010;63:815–818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Wang L, Findley KO, et al. Influence of temperature and grain size on austenite stability in medium manganese steels. Metall Mater Trans A. 2017;48:2140–2149.
   Google Scholar
• Han Q, Zhang Y, Wang L. Effect of annealing time on microstructural evolution and deformation characteristics in 10Mn1.5Al TRIP steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2015;46:1917–1926.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun HJ, Yakubovsky O, Fonstein N. On stability of retained austenite in medium Mn TRIP steels, Proceedings of HMnS2011 Conference, Seoul, Korea; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Shao C, Hui W, Zhang Y, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-rolled medium-Mn steel containing 3% aluminum. Mater Sci Eng A. 2017;682:45–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Lee K, De Cooman BC. Observation of the TWIP + TRIP plasticity-enhancement mechanism in Al-Added 6 Wt Pct medium Mn steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2015;46:2356–2363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Cao W, Shi J, et al. Deformation microstructures and strengthening mechanisms of an ultrafine grained duplex medium-Mn steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013;562:89–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho L, Seo EJ, De Cooman BC. Near-Ac3 austenitized ultra-fine-grained quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel. Scr Mater. 2016;123:69–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Z, Liang J, Zhao A, et al. Effects of the austenitizing temperature on the mechanical properties of cold-rolled medium-Mn steel system. J Alloys Compd. 2017;691:51–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchiyama T, Inoue T, Tobata J, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of a medium manganese steel treated with interrupted quenching and intercritical annealing. Scr Mater. 2016;122:36–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo Y-U, Kim DH, Heo NH, et al. Deformation behavior in medium Mn steel of nanometer-sized α′+ γ lamellar structure. Metall Mater Trans A. 2016;47:6004–6016.
   Google Scholar
• Cooman BC, Lee SJ, Shin S, et al. Combined intercritical annealing and Q&P processing of medium Mn steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2016;1:39–45.
   Google Scholar
• Hu B, He B, Cheng G, et al. Super-high-strength and formable medium Mn steel manufactured by warm rolling process. Acta Mater. 2019;174:131–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He B, Luo H, Huang M. Experimental investigation on a novel medium Mn steel combining transformation-induced plasticity and twinning-induced plasticity effects. Int J Plast. 2016;78:173–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aranas Jr C, Wang T, Jonas JJ. Effect of interpass time on the dynamic transformation of a plain C–Mn and a Nb microalloyed steel. ISIJ Int. 2015;55:647–654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song H, Sohn SS, Kwak J-H, et al. Effect of austenite stability on microstructural evolution and tensile properties in intercritically annealed medium-Mn lightweight steels. Metall Mater Trans A. 2016;47:2674–2685.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu Y, Ameyama K, Anderson PM, et al. Heterostructured materials: superior properties from hetero-zone interaction. Mater Res Lett. 2021;9:1–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Woo W, De Cooman BC. Analysis of the plasticity-enhancing mechanisms in 12 pct Mn austeno-ferritic steel by in Situ neutron diffraction. Metall Mater Trans A. 2014;45:5823–5828.
   Google Scholar
• Han J, Lee Y-K. The effects of the heating rate on the reverse transformation mechanism and the phase stability of reverted austenite in medium Mn steels. Acta Mater. 2014;67:354–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin K-G, Kang C-Y, Shin SY, et al. Effects of Al addition on deformation and fracture mechanisms in two high manganese TWIP steels. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011;528:2922–2928.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtze S, Kuokkala V-T. Dependence of tensile deformation behavior of TWIP steels on stacking fault energy, temperature and strain rate. Acta Mater. 2010;58:5129–5141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang S, Jung Y-S, Jun J-H, et al. Effects of recrystallization annealing temperature on carbide precipitation, microstructure, and mechanical properties in Fe-18Mn-0.6 C-1.5 Al TWIP steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010;527:745–751.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon O. Development of high performance high manganese TWIP steels in POSCO. Proceedings of HMnS2011 Conference, Seoul, Korea; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Opbroek E. Advanced high strength steel (AHSS) application guidelines: version 4.1. Brussels: World Steel Association; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Otto DJM, Schmidt-Juergensen R, Springub B, et al. HSD® - steels - optimized twip steels. Proceedings of HMnS2011 Conference, Seoul, Korea; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Grässel O, Frommeyer G. Effect of martensitic phase transformation and deformation twinning on mechanical properties of Fe-Mn-Si-AI steels. Mater Sci Technol. 1998;14:1213–1217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng Y, Dong H, Gan Y. Advanced steels: the recent scenario in steel science and technology. Springer; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Cho K, Redkin K, Hua M, et al. Recent development of Nb-containing DP590, DP780 and DP980 steels for production on continuous galvanizing lines. In: Yuqing Weng, Han Dong, Yong Gan, editors. Advanced steels. Springer; 2011. p. 177–185.
   Google Scholar
• Song H, Lee SG, Sohn SS, et al. Effect of strain-induced age hardening on yield strength improvement in ferrite-austenite duplex lightweight steels. Metall Mater Trans A. 2016;47:5372–5382.
   Google Scholar
• Hu XH, Sun X, Hector LG, et al. Individual phase constitutive properties of a TRIP-assisted QP980 steel from a combined synchrotron X-ray diffraction and crystal plasticity approach. Acta Mater. 2017;132:230–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto M. Fe-Mn-Al-Si-steels, lightweight potential for cars, trucks and trains. Young. 2017;80:30.
   Google Scholar
• Choi JK, Lee S-G, Park Y-H, et al. High manganese austenitic steel for cryogenic applications, Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference; 2012, OnePetro.
   Google Scholar
• Steineder K, Krizan D, Schickinger M, et al. Wärmebehandlungsoptionen von medium-Mn-Stählen für den (Automobil-)Leichtbau. BHM Berg- Huettenmaenn Monatsh. 2019;164:379–384.
   Google Scholar
• Bhadhon KM, Wang X, McNally EA, et al. Effect of intercritical annealing parameters and starting microstructure on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a medium-Mn third generation advanced high strength steel. Metals. 2022;12:356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai Z, Zhang D, Ma L, et al. Competing deformation mechanisms in an austenite-ferrite medium-Mn steel at different strain rates. Mater Sci Eng A. 2021;818:141357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzing JT, Luecke WE, Mates S, et al. Intercritical annealing to achieve a positive strain-rate sensitivity of mechanical properties and suppression of macroscopic plastic instabilities in multi-phase medium-Mn steels. Mater Sci Eng A. 2021;803:140469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarmast-Ghahfarokhi S, Zhang S, Midawi AR, et al. The failure mechanism of resistance spot welded third-generation medium-Mn steel during shear-tension loading. J Manuf Process. 2022;79:520–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lun N, Saha D, Macwan A, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of fibre laser welded medium manganese TRIP steel. Mater Des. 2017;131:450–459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiGiovanni C, Kalashami AG, Goodwin F, et al. Occurrence of sub-critical heat affected zone liquid metal embrittlement in joining of advanced high strength steel. J Mater Process Technol. 2021;288:116917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar