The Ayodhya case, freedom of religion, and the making of modernist ‘Hinduism’

References

• Acevedo, Deepa Das. 2002. “Just Hindus.” Law and Social Inquiry 45 (4): 965–994. https://doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2020.1.
   Google Scholar
• Acevedo, Deepa Das. 2013. “Secularism in the Indian Context.” Law and Social Inquiry 38 (1): 138–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adcock, C. S. 2013. The Limits of Tolerance: Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2012.01304.x.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, Tariq, and U.S. Global Legal Research Directorate Law Library of Congress. 2018. State Anti-conversion Laws in India. Washington, DC: Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate. https://www.loc.gov/item/2018298841/
   Google Scholar
• Basu, Anustup. 2020. Hindutva as Political Monotheism. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berti, Daniela, Nicolas Jaoul, and Pralay Kanungo. 2011. Cultural Entrenchment of Hindtuva: Local Mediations and Forms of Convergence. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bhargava, Rajeev. 2005. “India’s Secular Constitution.” In India’s Living Constitution: Ideas, Practices, Controversies, edited by Zoya Hasan, E. Sridharan, and R. Sudarshan, 105–133. London: Anthem Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatt, Chetan. 2002. “Primordial Being: Enlightenment and the Indian Subject of Postcolonial Theory.” In Philosophies of Race and Ethnicity, edited by Peter Osborne, and Stella Sandford, 40–62. New York: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Bindal, Amit. 2020. “Complete Justice? Silences and Erasures in the Ayodhya Judgement.” Journal of Indian Law and Society 11 (1): 48–71.
   Google Scholar
• Bloch, Ester, Marianne Keppens, and Rajaram Hegde. 2011. Rethinking Religion in India: The Colonial Construction of Hinduism. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chopra, Rohit. 2019. Virtual Hindu Rashtra: Saffron Nationalism and News Media. New York: Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Contemporary South Asia, 26, no. 4 (2018) (special issue on neo-Hindutva).
   Google Scholar
• Cossman, Brenda, and Ratna Kapur. 1997. “Secularism’s Last Sigh? Democracy, the Hindu Right and Law in India.” Harvard International Law Journal 38 (1): 113–170. https://hdl.handle.net/1807/88378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derrett, M., and J. Duncan. 1968. Religion, Law, and the State in India. London: Faber and Faber.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, Carolyn. 2006. “The ‘Islamic Scarf’ in the European Court of Human Rights’ Melbourne.” Journal of International Law 7 (1): 52–75.
   Google Scholar
• Golwalkar, Madhav Sadashiv. 1939. We or Our Nationhood Defined. Nagpur: Bharat Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Golwalkar, Madhav Sadashiv. 1966. Bunch of Thoughts. Bangalore: Vikrama Prakashan.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, Charu. 2009. “Hindu Women, Muslim Men: Love Jihad and Conversions.” Economic and Political Weekly 44 (51): 13–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019464600037002.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsohn, Gary Jeffrey. 2003. The Wheel of Law: India’s Secularism in Comparative Constitutional Context. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jaffrelot, Christophe. 1995. “The Idea of the Hindu Race in the Writings of Hindu Nationalist Ideologues in the 1920s and 1930s: A Concept Between Two Cultures.” In The Concept of Race in South Asia, edited by Peter Robb, 327–354. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jaffrelot, Christophe. 1998. The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics. Delhi: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, Laura Dudley. 2008. “Legal Limits on Religious Conversion in India.” Law and Contemporary Problems 71: 109–128.
   Google Scholar
• Kapur, Ratna. 2020. “Secularism’s Others: The Legal Regulation of Religion and Hierarchy of Citizenship.” In Constitutions and Religion: Research Handbooks in Comparative Constitutional Law Series, edited by Susanna Mancini, 41–58. London: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Kapur, Ratna, and Brenda Cossman. 1996. Subversive Sites: Feminist Engagements with Law in India. New Delhi: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• King, Richard. 1999. Orientalism and Religion: Postcolonial Theory, India and “The Mystic East.”. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• King, Richard. 1999. “Orientalism and the Modern Myth of ‘Hinduism.” Numen 46 2: 146–185. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568527991517950.
   Google Scholar
• Ludden, David. 1996. “Ayodhya: A Window on the World.” In Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India, edited by David Ludden, 1–27. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Madan, T. N. 1987. “Secularism and Its Place.” Journal of Asian Studies 46 (4): 747–759. https://doi.org/10.2307/2057100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood, Saba. 2009. “Religious Reason and Secular Affect: An Incommensurable Divide?” Critical Inquiry 35 (4): 836–862. https://doi.org/10.1086/599592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mani, Lata. 1998. Contentious Traditions: The Debate on Sati in Colonial India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mathew, John. 2005. “Decoding Secularism: Comparative Study of Legal Decisions in India and US.” Economic and Political Weekly 40 (18): 1901–1906. https://doi.org/10.2307/4416577.
   Google Scholar
• Mehta, Deepak. 2015. “The Ayodhya Dispute: The Absent Mosque, State of Emergency and the Jural Deity.” Journal of Material Culture 20 (4): 397. https://doi.org/10.1177/135918351560709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nandy, Ashish. 2003. The Romance of the State: And the Fate of Dissent in the Tropics. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Noorani, Abdul Gafoor and Abdul Majeed. 2003. The Babri Masjid Question, 1528-2003: A Matter of National Honour. New Delhi: Tulika Books.
   Google Scholar
• Osuri, Goldie. 2012. “Secular Interventions / Hinduized Sovereignty: (Anti) Conversion and Religious Pluralism in Jodhaa Akbar.” Cultural Critique 81: 70–99. https://doi.org/10.5749/culturalcritique.81.2012.0070.
   Google Scholar
• Panikkar, K. N. 1993. “Religious Symbols and Political Mobilization: The Agitation for a Mandir at Ayodhya.” Social Scientist 21 (7/8): 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_22.
   Google Scholar
• Prasad, Biresh. 2018. “Right to Freedom of Religion under Constitution of India: A Critical Analysis in Light of Religious Conversion.” Indian Journal of Law and Justice 9 1: 152–163.
   Google Scholar
• Sarkar, Tanika. 2001. Hindu Wife, Hindu Nation: Community Religion and Cultural Nationalism. New Delhi: Permanent Black.
   Google Scholar
• Sarkar, Sumit. 2007. “Christian Conversions, Hindutva and Secularism.” In The Crisis of Indian Secularism, Edited by Anuradha Dingwaney and Rajeswari Sunder Rajan, 356–388. Raleigh-Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822388418-018.
   Google Scholar
• Sarkar, Tanika. 2021. Hindu Nationalism in India. C Hurst.
   Google Scholar
• Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar. (1960) 1923. Hindutva: Who is a Hindu? Originally published as pamphlet entitled Essentials of Hindutva, Bombay: Sarvarkar Sadan.
   Google Scholar
• Saxena, Saumya. 2018. “Court'ing Hindu Nationalism: Law and the Rise of Modern Hindutva.” Contemporary South Asia 26 (4): 378. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2018.1546672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen, Ronojoy. 2007. Legalizing Religion: The Indian Supreme Court and Secularism. Washington, DC: East-West Center.
   Google Scholar
• Sen, Ronojoy. 2019. Articles of Faith: Religion, Secularism and the Indian Supreme Court. Revised. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, Jyotirmaya. 2003. Hindutva: Exploring the Idea of Hindu Nationalism. Delhi: Penguin Books India.
   Google Scholar
• Sinha, Mrinalini. 1995. Colonial Masculinity: The “Manly Englishman” And The “Effeminate Bengali” in the Late Nineteenth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sinha, Mrinalini. 2000. Mother India: Selections from the Controversial 1927 Text. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sinha, Mirinalini. 2006. Spectres of Mother India: The Global Restructuring of an Empire. Raleigh-Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spivak, Gayatri. 1988. “Can the Subaltern Speak?” In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, edited by Cary Nelson, and Lawrence Grossberg, 271–316. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, Winifred. 2005. The Impossibility of Religious Freedom. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thapar, Romila. 1985. “Syndicated Moksha.” Seminar 313: 14–22.
   Google Scholar
• Thapar, Romila. 2000. Cultural Pasts: Essays in Early Indian History. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thapar, Romila. 2010. “Syndicated Hinduism.” In Hinduism Reconsidered, edited by Gunther-Dietz Sontheimer, and Hermann Kulke, 54–81. Delhi: Manohar Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Tiwary, Deeptiman. 2021. “Ram Temple Movement Bigger than Our Freedom Struggle: VHP Joint General Secretary.” Indian Express, December 13. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-temple-movement-bigger-than-freedom-struggle-vhp-7669357/.
   Google Scholar
• Tyagi, Aastha, and Atreyee Sen. 2020. ““‘Love Jihad’ (Muslim Sexual Seduction) and ‘Ched-Chad’ (Sexual Harassment): Hindu Nationalist Discourses and the Ideal/Deviant Urban Citizen in India.” Gender.” Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 27 (1): 104–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2018.1557602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udupa, Sahana. 2015. “Internet Hindus: Right-Wingers as New India’s Ideological Warriors.” In Handbook of Religion and the Asian City: Aspiration and Urbanization in the Twenty-First Century, edited by Peter van der Veer, 432–449. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Veer, Peter. 1992. “Ayodhya and Somnath: Eternal Shrines, Contested.” Social Research: An International Quarterly 59 (1): 85–109.
   Google Scholar
• Viswanathan, Gauri. 1998. Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Viswanathan, Gauri. 2003. “Colonialism and the Construction of Hinduism.” In The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, Edited by Gavin Flood, 23–44. Maiden, MA: Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119144892.ch1.
   Google Scholar