170
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research article

Gender equality at stake: women’s strategies, symbolic violence and resistance in Italian boards of directors

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 323-340 | Received 23 Jan 2023, Accepted 04 Sep 2023, Published online: 23 Sep 2023

References

  • Adamson, M., & Kelan, E. K. (2019). ‘Female heroes’: Celebrity executives as postfeminist role models. British Journal of Management, 30(4), 981–996. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12320
  • Arruzza, C., Bhattacharya, T., & Fraser, N. (2019). Feminism for the 99 percent: A manifesto. Verso Books, London.
  • Bach, A. S. (2019). The ambiguous construction of nondominant masculinity: Configuring the “new” man through narratives of choice, involved fatherhood, and gender equality. Men and Masculinities, 22(2), 338–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17715494
  • Benschop, Y., & van den Brink, M. (2014). Power and resistance in gender equality strategies: Comparing quotas and Small Wins. In S. In Kumra, R. Simpson, & R. J. Burke (Eds.), Business and management, business policy and strategy, organizational theory and behaviour (pp. 332–352). The Oxford Handbook of Gender in Organizations.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1998). La Domination masculine. Seuil, Paris.
  • Burke, R. J. (1997). Women on corporate boards of directors: A needed resource. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(9), 909–915. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017987220508
  • Burke, R. J. (2005). Backlash in the workplace. Women in Management Review, 20(3), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420510591843
  • Cerroni, A., & Simonella, Z. (2012). Ethos and symbolic violence among women of science minuscule. Social Science Information, 51(2), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018412437102
  • Chesterman, C., Ross-Smith, A., & Peters, M. (2005). The gendered impact on organisations of a critical mass of women in senior Management. Policy and Society, 24(4), 69–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1449-4035(05)70069-2
  • Colley, L., & White, C. (2019). Neoliberal feminism: The neoliberal rhetoric on feminism by Australian political actors. Gender, Work & Organisation, 26(8), 1083–1099. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12303
  • Comi, S., Grasseni, M., Origo, F., & Pagani, L. (2020). Where women make a difference: Gender quotas and firms’ performance in three European Countries. ILR Review, 73(3), 768–793. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793919846450
  • Consob. (2020). Report on corporate governance. Online.
  • Cook, A., & Glass, C. (2018). Women on corporate boards: Do they advance corporate social responsibility? Human Relations, 71(7), 897–924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726717729207
  • Corden, A., & Sainsbury, R. (2006). Using verbatim quotations in reporting qualitative social research: Researchers’ views. SPRU University of York.
  • Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Clark, V. L. P., & Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative research designs: Selection and implementation. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(2), 236–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006287390
  • Cuomo S., Mapelli, A. (2012). Un posto in CDA. Costruire valore attraverso la diversità di genere. Egea, Milano.
  • Daily, C. M., Dalton, D. R., & Cannella, A. A. (2003). Corporate governance: Decades of dialogue and data. The Academy of Management Review, 28(3), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.2307/30040727
  • Derks, B., Ellemers, N., Laar, C., & Groot, K. (2011). Do sexist organizational cultures create the queen Bee? British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(3), 519–535. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466610X525280
  • Dobbin, F., Schrage, D., & Kalev, A. (2015). Rage against the Iron Cage: The varied effects of bureaucratic personnel reforms on diversity. American Sociological Review, 80(5), 1014–1044. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415596416
  • Doldor, E., Vinnicombe, S., Gaughan, M., & Sealy, R. (2012). Gender diversity on boards: The appointment process and the role of executive search firms. Equality and Human Rights Commission Research Report, 85. https://thinkethnic.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Gender%20Diversity.pdf
  • Ely, R. (1995). The power of demography: Women’s social constructions of gender identity at work. Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 589–635. https://doi.org/10.2307/256740
  • Faludi, S. (1991). Backlash: The Undeclared war against American women. Crown, New York.
  • Fedorets, Alexandra Gibert, Anna 2022 Lifting Women Up: Gender Quotas and the Advancement of Women on Corporate Boards BSE - Barcelona School of Economics Working Paper 1370
  • Ferrari, G., Ferraro, V., Profeta, P., & Pronzato, C., (2016). Gender quotas: Challenging the boards, performance, and the stock market. CESifo Working Paper Series, No. 6084.
  • Flood, M., Dragiewicz, M., & Pease, B. (2021). Resistance and backlash to gender equality. The Australian Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 393–408. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajs4.137
  • GGG-Global Gender Gap. (2022). Global gender gap report.
  • Gill, R., Kelan, E., & Scharff, C. M. (2017). A postfeminist sensibility at work. Gender, Work and Organization, 24(3), 226–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12132
  • Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organisational Research Methods, 16(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
  • Gould, J. A., Kulik, C. T., & Sardeshmukh, S. R. (2018). Trickle-down effect: The impact of female board members on executive gender diversity. Human Resources Managemenent, 57(4), 931–945. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21907
  • Goyal, R., Kakabadse, N., Kakabadse, A., & Talbot, D. (2021). Female board directors’ resilience against gender discrimination. Gender, Work & Organisation, 30(1), 197–222. On line. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12669
  • Gusmeroli, P. (2021). Stigma inversion and new anti-LGBT rhetoric: “contesting” ho-mophobia in the Italian press. AG AboutGender, 10(19), 268–294. https://doi.org/10.15167/2279-5057/AG2021.10.19.1240
  • Holgersson, C. (2013). Recruiting managing directors: Doing homosociality. Gender, Work & Organisation, 20(4), 454–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2012.00595.x
  • ISTAT. (2019a). I tempi della vita quotidiana. Report.
  • ISTAT. (2019b). Il diversity management per le diversità lgbt+ e le azioni per rendere gli ambienti di lavoro più inclusivi. Report.
  • James, N., & Busher, H. (2006). Credibility, authenticity and voice: dilemmas in online interviewing. Qualitative Research, 6(3), 403–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794106065010
  • Kakabadse, N. K. K., Figueira, C., Nicolopoulou, K., Hong Yang, J., Kakabadse, A. P., & Özbilgin, M. F. (2015). Gender diversity and board performance: Women’s experiences and perspectives. Human Resource Management, 54(2), 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21694
  • Kanter, M. R. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. Basic Books, New York.
  • Keisu, B. I., & Carbin, M. (2014). Administrators or critical cynics? A study of gender equality workers in Swedish higher education. NORA—Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 22(3), 204–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2014.916346
  • Kelan, E. K. (2009). Gender fatigue: The ideological dilemma of gender neutrality and discrimination in organizations. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l’Administration, 26(3), 197–210. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.106
  • Kelan, E. K. (2020). The inclusive leader, the smart strategist and the forced altruist: Subject positions for men as gender equality partners. European Management Review, 17(3), 603–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12372
  • Kelan, E. K., & Wratil, P. (2018). Post-heroic leadership, tempered radicalism and senior leaders as change agents for gender equality. European Management Review, 15(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12117
  • Kelan, E. K., & Wratil, P. (2021). Ceos as agents of change and continuity. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 40(5), 493–509. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-06-2020-0171
  • Kirsch, A. (2022). Revolution from above? Female directors’ equality-related actions in organizations. Business & Society, 61(3), 572–605. https://doi.org/10.1177/00076503211001843
  • Klettner, A., Clarke, T., & Boersma, M. (2016). Strategic and regulatory approaches to increasing women in leadership: Multilevel targets and mandatory quotas as levers for cultural change. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(3), 395–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2069-z
  • Labelle, R., Francoeur, C., & Lakhal, F. (2015). To regulate or not to regulate? Early evidence on the means used around the world to promote gender diversity in the boardroom. Gender, Work and Organization, 22(4), 339–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12091
  • Latura, A., & Weeks, C. A. (2022). Corporate board quotas and gender equality policies in the workplace. American Journal of Political Science, 67(3), 606–622. First published on line. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12709
  • Leslie, L. M., Mayer, D. M., & Kravitz, D. A. (2014). The stigma of affirmative action: A stereotyping-based theory and meta-analytic test of the consequences for performance. Academy of Management Journal, 57(4), 964–989. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0940
  • Lewis, P., Benschop, Y., & Simpson, R. (2017). Postfeminism, gender and Organization. Gender, Work and Organization, 24(3), 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12175
  • Maida, A., & Weber, A. (2022). Female leadership and gender gap within firms: Evidence from an Italian board reform. ILR Review, 75(2), 488–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793920961995
  • Matsa, D. A., & Miller, A. R. (2013). A female style in corporate leadership? Evidence from quotas. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 5(3), 136–169. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.5.3.136
  • Mavin, S., Grandy, G., & Williams, J. (2014). Experiences of women elite leaders doing gender: Intra-gender micro-violence between women. British Journal of Management, 25(3), 439–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12057
  • Mensi-Klarbach, H., & Seierstad, C. (2020). Gender quotas on corporate boards: Similarities and differences in quota scenarios. European Management Review, 17(3), 615–631. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12374
  • Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137286
  • Meyerson, D. E., & Scully, M. A. (1995). Crossroads tempered radicalism and the politics of ambivalence and change. Organization Science, 6(5), 585–600. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.6.5.585
  • Rao, A., Sandler, J., Kelleher, D., & Miller, C. (2016). Gender at work: Theory and practice for 21st century organizations. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315693637
  • Ravazzani, S. (2016). Understanding approaches to managing diversity in the workplace. An empirical investigation in Italy. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 35(2), 154–168. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-08-2014-0062
  • Rottenberg, C. (2018). The rise of neoliberal feminism. Oxford University Press.
  • Rowley, J. (2012). Conducting research interviews. Management Research Review, 35(3/4), 260–271. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211210154
  • Shore, L. M., Cleveland, J. N., & Sanchez, D. (2018). Inclusive workplaces: A review and model. Human Resource Management Review, 28(2), 176–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.07.003
  • Thomas, K. M., & Plaut, V. C. (2008). The many faces of diversity resistance in the workplace. In K. M. Thomas (Ed.), Diversity resistance in organizations (pp. 1–22). Taylor & Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Torchia, M., Calabrò, A., & Huse, M. (2011). Women directors on corporate boards: From Tokenism to critical mass. Journal of Business Ethics, 102(2), 299–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0815-z
  • Utoft, E. H. (2020). Exploring linkages between organisational culture and gender equality work—an ethnography of a multinational engineering company. Evaluation and Program Planning 79, 101791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2020.101791
  • Utoft, E. H. (2021). Maneuvering within postfeminism: A study of gender equality practitioners in Danish academia. Gender, Work & Organisation, 28(1), 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12556
  • Wiersema, M., & Mors, M. L. (2016, November 14). What board directors really think of gender quotas. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2016/11/what-board-directors-really-think-of-gender-quotas
  • Williamson, S. (2020). Backlash, gender fatigue and organisational change. Labour & Industry: A Journal of the Social and Economic Relations of Work, 30(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2019.1677202
  • Zanoni, P., & Janssens, M. (2004). Deconstructing difference: The rhetoric of Human Resource managers’ diversity discourses. Organization Studies, 25(1), 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840604038180

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.