Discrimination Creep, Mandate Expansion and the Politicisation of Romania’s Equality Agency

References

• Amnesty International (2012) ‘Written Contribution to the Thematic Discussion on Racist Hate Speech and Freedom of Opinion and Expression Organized by the United Nations Committee on Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 28 August 2012’, IOR 42/002/2012, available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ior420022012en.pdf, accessed 10 September 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Andreescu, G. (2010) ‘Spotul revistei Academia Cațavencu în lectura CNA și CNCD’, NRDO, 2/2010, available at: bit.ly/3DPV3Dv, accessed 28 July 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Andreescu, G. (2011) ‘Discriminarea Instituionalizata a Bisericii Romane Unite cu Roma: Interventia CNCD’, Noua revista de drepturile omului, 7, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Andreescu, G. (2018) ‘Deciziile politice ale CNCD: cum se poate salva libertatea de exprimare?’, Noua revista de drepturile omului, 14, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, M. (2008) ‘The Implementation of European Anti-Discrimination Directives: Converging Towards a Common Model?’, Political Quarterly, 79, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, J. (1997) ‘Victimization and the Victim Industry’, Society, 34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopin, I. & Germaine, C. (2020) A Comparative Analysis of Non-Discrimination Law in Europe 2019 (Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union).
   Google Scholar
• Conrad, P. & Leiter, V. (2004) ‘Medicalization, Markets and Consumers’, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad, P. & Potter, D. (2000) ‘From Hyperactive Children to ADHD Adults: Observations on the Expansion of Medical Categories’, Social Problems, 47, 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CRJ (2020) ‘Minoritatea romă: țap ispășitor în vremea pandemiei’, Centrul de Resurse Juridice, 12 May, available at: http://www.crj.ro/minoritatea-roma-tap-ispasitor-in-vremea-pandemiei/, accessed 10 September 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Crombag, H. S., Child, J. J. & Sullivan, G. R. (2020) ‘Drunk, Dangerous and Delusional: How Legal Concept-Creep Risks Overcriminalization’, Addiction, 115, 12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley, N. (2016) ‘Merging Mandates of Equality Bodies and National Human Rights Institutions—A Growing Trend’, European Equality Law Review, 2/2016.
   Google Scholar
• Crowley, N. (2018) Equality Bodies Making a Difference (Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union).
   Google Scholar
• Crowther, N. & O’Cinneide, C. (2019) ‘Bridging the Divide? Integrating the Functions of National Equality Bodies and National Human Rights Institutions in the European Union’, Juridikum, 2/2019.
   Google Scholar
• de Búrca, G. (2006) ‘EU Race Discrimination Law: A Hybrid Model?’, in de Búrca, G. & Scott, J. (eds) Law and New Governance in the EU and the US (Oxford & Portland, OR, Hart).
   Google Scholar
• de Búrca, G. (2010) ‘Stumbling into Experimentalism: The EU Anti-Discrimination Regime’, in Sabel, C. F. & Zeitlin, J. (eds).
   Google Scholar
• De Vos, M. (2020) ‘The European Court of Justice and the March Towards Substantive Equality in European Union Antidiscrimination Law’, International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 20, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Witte, B. (2012) ‘New Institutions for Promoting Equality in Europe: Legal Transfers, National Bricolage and European Governance’, American Journal of Comparative Law, 60, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, P. J. & Powell, W. (1983) ‘The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields’, American Sociological Review, 48, 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ECtHR (2020) Guide on Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights: Freedom of Expression, European Court of Human Rights, 31 December, available at: https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/guide_art_10_eng.pdf, accessed 10 September 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Evans Case, R. & Givens, T. E. (2010) ‘Re-engineering Legal Opportunity Structures in the European Union? The Starting Line Group and the Politics of the Racial Equality Directive’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 48, 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredman, S. (2011) Discrimination Law (2nd edn) (New York, NY, Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Gersen, J. & Suk, J. (2016) ‘The Sex Bureaucracy’, California Law Review, 104, 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldston, J. A. (2006) ‘Public Interest Litigation in Central and Eastern Europe: Roots, Prospects, and Challenges’, Human Rights Quarterly, 28, 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gornitzka, A. & Krick, E. (2017) ‘The Expertisation of Stakeholder Involvement in EU Policymaking’, in Góra, M., Holst, C. & Warat, M. (eds) Expertisation and Democracy in Europe (London & New York, NY, Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• Guiraudon, V. (2009) ‘Equality in the Making: Implementing European Non-Discrimination Law’, Citizenship Studies, 13, 5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunsalus, C. K. (2004) ‘The Nanny State Meets the Inner Lawyer: Overregulating While Underprotecting Human Participants in Research’, Ethics & Behavior, 14, 4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haggerty, K. D. (2004) ‘Ethics Creep: Governing Social Science Research in the Name of Ethics’, Qualitative Sociology, 27, 4.
   Google Scholar
• Haller, I. (2017) ‘Presiunile politice asupra Consiliului National pentru Combaterea Discriminarii prin initiative de modificare a legislatiei anti-discriminare’, Noua revista de drepturile omului, 13, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Haller, I., Iordache, R. & Kádár, A. (2016) ‘Using Anti-Discrimination Remedies for Discriminatory Speech—The Hungarian and Romanian Experiences’, European Equality Law Review, 2/2016.
   Google Scholar
• Haslam, N. (2016) ‘Concept Creep: Psychology's Expanding Concepts of Harm and Pathology’, Psychological Inquiry, 27, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam, N., Dakin, B. C., Fabiano, F., McGrath, M. J., Rhee, J., Vylomova, E., Weaving, M. & Wheeler, M. A. (2020) ‘Harm Inflation: Making Sense of Concept Creep’, European Review of Social Psychology, 31, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havelková, B. (2016) ‘Resistance to Anti-Discrimination Law in Central and Eastern Europe—a Post-Communist Legacy?’, German Law Journal, 17, 4.
   Google Scholar
• Havelková, B. (2019) ‘The Pre-Eminence of the General Principle of Equality Over Specific Prohibition of Discrimination on Suspect Grounds in Czechia’, in Havelková, B. & Möschel, M. (eds).
   Google Scholar
• Havelková, B. & Möschel, M. (eds) (2019) Anti-discrimination Law in Civil Law Jurisdictions (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Howard, E. (2018) ‘EU Anti-Discrimination Law: Has the CJEU Stopped Moving Forward?’, International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 18, 2–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illich, I. (1975) ‘The Medicalization of Life’, Journal of Medical Ethics, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioniță, S. (2021) ‘Fatwa contra lui Bulai e cuiul in cosciugul CNCD’, Contributors.ro, 30 January, available at: https://www.contributors.ro/fatwa-contra-lui-bulai-e-cuiul-in-cosciugul-cncd/, accessed 10 September 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Jenness, V. (1995) ‘Social Movement Growth, Domain Expansion, and Framing Processes: The Gay/Lesbian Movement and Violence Against Gays and Lesbians as a Social Problem’, Social Problems, 42, 1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kádár, T. (2018) ‘Equality Bodies: A European Phenomenon’, International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 18, 2–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipnis, L. (2017) Unwanted Advances: Sexual Paranoia Comes to Campus (New York, NY, Harper Collins).
   Google Scholar
• Krizsan, A. (2012) ‘Equality Architectures in Central and Eastern European Countries: A Framework for Analyzing Political Intersectionality in Europe’, Social Politics, 19, 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhar, R. (2017) ‘Changing Gender Several Times a Day: The Anti-Gender Movement in Slovenia’, in Kuhar, R. & Paternotte, D. (eds) Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing Against Equality (London & New York, NY, Rowman & Littlefield).
   Google Scholar
• Littoz-Monnet, A. (2021) ‘Expanding Without Much Ado. International Bureaucratic Expansion Tactics in the Case of Bioethics’, Journal of European Public Policy, 28, 6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, K. (2003) ‘A Sex Equality Approach to Sexual Assault’, Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrudden, C. (2016) ‘The New Architecture of EU Equality Law After CHEZ: Did the Court of Justice Reconceptualize Direct and Indirect Discrimination?’, European Equality Law Review, 1/2016.
   Google Scholar
• McCrudden, C. (2021) ‘Indirect Religious Discrimination: Resisting the Temptations of Premature Normative Theorization’, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 34.
   Google Scholar
• Mchangama, J. (2022) Free Speech: A History from Socrates to Social Media (New York, NY, Basic Books).
   Google Scholar
• Milonean, I. (2021) ‘Deputat PNL Alexandru Muraru: “Le solicit domnilor Barna și Cioloș să se disocieze de afirmațiile cu tentă xenofobă si calomnioasă ale deputatului USR Emanuel Ungureanu la adresa președintelui Iohannis. Am sesizat CNCD”’, G4Media.ro, 7 March, available at: https://bit.ly/3zR747I, accessed 28 May 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Moynihan, D. P. (2006) ‘Ambiguity in Policy Lessons: The Agencification Experience’, Public Administration, 84, 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mureșan, I. (2020) ‘Irina, iubita lui Liviu Dragnea, Dăncilă, Firea şi Olguţa pierd procesul împotriva unei publicaţii de satiră’, Adevărul, 24 June, available at: bit.ly/2YycrLw, accessed 28 May 2023.
   Google Scholar
• NCCD (2007) Raport de activitate 2007, Consiliul Naţional pentru Combaterea Discriminării, available at: https://www.cncd.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Raport-de-activitate-CNCD-2007.pdf, accessed 10 September 2021.
   Google Scholar
• NCCD (2010) Raport privind implementarea Directivei rasiale în România 2003–2010, available at: https://www.cncd.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Raport_D43_2000_CNCD.pdf, accessed 28 May 2023.
   Google Scholar
• NCCD (2020) Activity Report 2020, Consiliul Naţional pentru Combaterea Discriminării, available at: https://www.cncd.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Raport-de-activitate-CNCD-2020-EN.pdf, accessed 10 September 2021.
   Google Scholar
• O’Cinneide, C. (2015) ‘The Constitutionalization of Equality Within the EU Legal Order: Sexual Orientation as a Testing Ground’, Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, 22, 3.
   Google Scholar
• Ozzano, L. & Giorgi, A. (2016) European Culture Wars and the Italian Case: Which Side Are You On? (New York, NY, Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• Quek, K. (2013) ‘A Civil Rather Than Criminal Offence? Forced Marriage, Harm and the Politics of Multiculturalism in the UK’, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 15, 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rădulescu, A. (2020) ‘De ce se păstrează politizarea la CNCD’, Europa Liberă, 1 July, available at: bit.ly/3J86IR9, accessed 28 May 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Raețchi, O. (2021) ‘Al-Azhar CNCD’, Ora nouă, 3 February, available at: http://www.oranoua.ro/ovidiu-raetchi-al-azhar-cncd/, accessed 10 September 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Sabel, C. F. & Zeitlin, J. (eds) (2010) Experimentalist Governance in the European Union: Towards a New Architecture (New York, NY, Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Schiek, D. (2016) ‘Organizing EU Equality Law Around the Nodes of “Race”, Gender and Disability’, in Schiek, D. & Lawson, A. (eds) European Union Non-Discrimination Law and Intersectionality (New York, NY, Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• Stan, L. & Turcescu, L. (2007) Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania (New York, NY, Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Strong, P. M. (1979) ‘Sociological Imperialism and the Profession of Medicine: A Critical Examination of the Thesis of Medical Imperialism’, Social Science & Medicine, 13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tupa, R. (2021) ‘Google rămâne cu sancțiunea CNCD’, Mediafax, 3 June, available at: bit.ly/43cBpMI, accessed 28 May 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Veres, V. & Salat, L. (2003) ‘Central and Local Public Administration in the Dynamics of Inter-Ethnic Relations in Romania’, Revista Transilvană de ştiinţe Administrative, 9.
   Google Scholar
• Verhoest, K., Van Thiel, S., Bouckaert, G. & Lægreid, P. (eds) (2012) Government Agencies: Practices and Lessons from 30 Countries (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan).
   Google Scholar
• Weitzer, R. (2007) ‘The Social Construction of Sex Trafficking: Ideology and Institutionalization of a Moral Crusade’, Politics & Society, 35, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzer, R. (2014) ‘New Directions in Research on Human Trafficking’, ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 653, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yesilkagit, K. & Snijders, B. (2008) Between Impartiality and Responsiveness: Equality Bodies and Practices of Independence (Brussels, Equinet), available at: https://www.archive.equineteurope.org/spip.php?action = telecharger&arg = 171&type = application.pdf, accessed 10 September 2021.
   Google Scholar