Vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies

References

• Poewe W, Seppi K, Tanner CM, Halliday GM, Brundin P, Volkmann J, et al. Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis AW, Evanoff BA, Lian M, Criswell SR, Racette BA. Geographic and ethnic variation in Parkinson disease: a population-based study of US medicare beneficiaries. Neuroepidemiology. 2010;34(3):143–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsey ER, Constantinescu R, Thompson JP, Biglan KM, Holloway RG, Kieburtz K, et al. Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030. Neurology. 2007;68(5):384–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angibaud G, Gaultier C, Rascol O. Atypical Parkinsonism and Annonaceae consumption in New Caledonia. Mov Disord. 2004;19(5):603–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaki GS, Papavassiliou AG. Oxidative stress-induced signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Neuromolecular Med. 2014;16(2):217–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percário S, da Silva Barbosa A. Oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease: potential benefits of antioxidant supplementation. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:2360872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sies H, Stahl W, Sundquist AR. Antioxidant functions of vitamins. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992;669:7–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikimi M, Yagi K. Molecular basis for the deficiency in humans of gulonolactone oxidase, a key enzyme for ascorbic acid biosynthesis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991: 54(6 Suppl):1203s-8s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kc S, Cárcamo JM, Golde DW. Vitamin C enters mitochondria via facilitative glucose transporter 1 (gluti) and confers mitochondrial protection against oxidative injury. FASEB J. 2005;19(12):1657–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morlière P, Patterson LK, Santos CM, Silva AM, Mazière JC, Filipe P, et al. The dependence of α-tocopheroxyl radical reduction by hydroxy-2,3-diarylxanthones on structure and micro-environment. Org Biomol Chem. 2012;10(10):2068–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro D, Freitas M, Silva AMS, Carvalho F, Fernandes E. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of carotenoids and their oxidation products. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018;120:681–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaziano JM, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Dietary antioxidants and cardiovascular disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992;669:249–58. ; discussion 58-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Poppel G, Goldbohm RA. Epidemiologic evidence for beta-carotene and cancer prevention. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62(6):1393s–402s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemmati-Dinarvand M, Saedi S, Valilo M, Kalantary-Charvadeh A, Alizadeh Sani M, Kargar R, et al. Oxidative stress and Parkinson’s disease: conflict of oxidant-antioxidant systems. Neurosci Lett. 2019;709:134296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA. Dietary antioxidants and Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2017;32(11):1501–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Rijk MC, Breteler MM, den Breeijen JH, Launer LJ, Grobbee DE, van der Meché FG, et al. Dietary antioxidants and Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 1997;54(6):762–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hughes KC, Gao X, Kim IY, Rimm EB, Wang M, Weisskopf MG, et al. Intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2016;31(12):1909–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud C. Meta-regression analyses, meta-analyses, and trial sequential analyses of the effects of supplementation with beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E singly or in different combinations on all-cause mortality: do we have evidence for lack of harm? PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e74558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25(9):603–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins JP. Commentary: heterogeneity in meta-analysis should be expected and appropriately quantified. Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37(5):1158–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Br Med J. 1997;315(7109):629–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland S. Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic literature. Epidemiol Rev. 1987;9:1–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu C, Doi SAR. The robust error meta-regression method for dose-response meta-analysis. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2018;16(3):138–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal P, Wang Y, Buchman AS, Holland TM, Bennett DA, Morris MC. Dietary antioxidants associated with slower progression of Parkinsonian signs in older adults. Nutr Neurosci. 2022;25(3):550–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hantikainen E, Trolle Lagerros Y, Ye W, Serafini M, Adami HO, Bellocco R, et al. Dietary antioxidants and the risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2021;96(6):e895–e903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellenbrand W, Boeing H, Robra BP, Seidler A, Vieregge P, Nischan P, et al. Diet and Parkinson’s disease II. Neurology. 1996;47(3):644-50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson CC, Gorell JM, Rybicki BA, Sanders K, Peterson EL. Adult nutrient intake as a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease. Int J Epidemiol. 1999;28(6):1102–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake Y, Fukushima W, Tanaka K, Sasaki S, Kiyohara C, Tsuboi Y, et al. Dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a case-control study in Japan. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18(1):106–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morens DM, Grandinetti A, Waslien CI, Park CB, Ross GW, White LR. Case-control study of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and dietary vitamin E intake. Neurology. 1996;46(5):1270–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paganini-Hill A. Risk factors for Parkinson’s disease: the leisure world cohort study. Neuroepidemiology. 2001;20(2):118–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers KM, Smith-Weller T, Franklin GM, Longstreth WT, Jr., Swanson PD, Checkoway H. Parkinson’s disease risks associated with dietary iron, manganese, and other nutrient intakes. Neurology. 2003;60(11):1761–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheider WL, Hershey LA, Vena JE, Holmlund T, Marshall JR, Freudenheim JL. Dietary antioxidants and other dietary factors in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 1997;12(2):190–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan LC, Koh WP, Yuan JM, Wang R, Au WL, Tan JH, et al. Differential effects of black versus green tea on risk of Parkinson’s disease in the Singapore Chinese health study. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;167(5):553–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang F, Wolk A, Håkansson N, Pedersen NL, Wirdefeldt K. Dietary antioxidants and risk of Parkinson’s disease in two population-based cohorts. Mov Disord. 2017;32(11):1631–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying AF, Khan S, Wu Y, Jin A, Wong ASY, Tan EK, et al. Dietary antioxidants and risk of Parkinson’s disease in the Singapore Chinese health study. Mov Disord. 2020;35(10):1765–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talebi S, Ghoreishy SM, Jayedi A, Travica N, Mohammadi H. Dietary antioxidants and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Adv Nutr. 2022;13(5):1493–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nualart F, Mack L, García A, Cisternas P, Bongarzone ER, Heitzer M, et al. Vitamin C transporters, recycling and the bystander effect in the nervous system: SVCT2 versus gluts. J Stem Cell Res Ther. 2014;4(5):209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Etminan M, Gill SS, Samii A. Intake of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids and the risk of Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4(6):362–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob RA, Sotoudeh G. Vitamin C function and status in chronic disease. Nutr Clin Care. 2002;5(2):66–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castro M, Caprile T, Astuya A, Millán C, Reinicke K, Vera JC, et al. High-affinity sodium-vitamin C co-transporters (SVCT) expression in embryonic mouse neurons. J Neurochem. 2001;78(4):815–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayedi A, Rashidy-Pour A, Parohan M, Zargar MS, Shab-Bidar S. Dietary and circulating vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and risk of total cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(10):1872–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frei B, Birlouez-Aragon I, Lykkesfeldt J. Authors’ perspective: what is the optimum intake of vitamin C in humans? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2012;52(9):815–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolova G, Karamalakova Y, Gadjeva V. Reducing oxidative toxicity of L-dopa in combination with two different antioxidants: an essential oil isolated from rosa damascena mill., and vitamin C. Toxicol Rep. 2019;6:267–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medeiros MS, Schumacher-Schuh A, Cardoso AM, Bochi GV, Baldissarelli J, Kegler A, et al. Iron and oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease: an observational study of injury biomarkers. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0146129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang MC, Kwak SG, Kwak S. Effect of dietary vitamins C and E on the risk of Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(6):3922–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin H, Xu L, Porter NA. Free radical lipid peroxidation: mechanisms and analysis. Chem Rev. 2011;111(10):5944–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt DA, Tallman KA, Porter NA. Free radical oxidation of polyunsaturated lipids: new mechanistic insights and the development of peroxyl radical clocks. Acc Chem Res. 2011;44(6):458–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee P, Ulatowski LM. Vitamin E: mechanism of transport and regulation in the CNS. IUBMB Life. 2019;71(4):424–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Group TPS. Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson’s disease. New England J Med. 1993;328(3):176–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearnley JM, Lees AJ. Ageing and Parkinson’s disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. Brain. 1991;114(Pt 5):2283–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taghizadeh M, Tamtaji OR, Dadgostar E, Daneshvar Kakhaki R, Bahmani F, Abolhassani J, et al. The effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on clinical and metabolic status in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurochem Int. 2017;108:183–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Mascio P, Murphy ME, Sies H. Antioxidant defense systems: the role of carotenoids, tocopherols, and thiols. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53(1 Suppl):194s–200s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourque M, Dluzen DE, Di Paolo T. Neuroprotective actions of sex steroids in Parkinson’s disease. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009;30(2):142–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landete JM. Dietary intake of natural antioxidants: vitamins and polyphenols. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2013;53(7):706–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niki E. Role of vitamin E as a lipid-soluble peroxyl radical scavenger: in vitro and in vivo evidence. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014;66:3–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar