References
- Adoption and Safe Families Act. 1997. Pub.L. 105-89.
- Altman, J. C. (2008a). Engaging families in child welfare services: Worker versus client perspectives. Child Welfare, 87(3), 41.
- Altman, J. C. (2008b). A study of engagement in neighborhood-based child welfare services. Research on Social Work Practice, 18(6), 555–564. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731507309825
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Cheng, T. C., & Lo, C. C. (2016). Linking worker-parent working alliance to parent progress in child welfare: A longitudinal analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 71, 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.028
- Children’s Bureau. (2021a). Trends in Foster Care and Adoption: FY 2011-FY 2020. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/trends_fostercare_adoption_11thru20.pdf
- Children’s Bureau. (2021b). The AFCARS Report: Preliminary FY 2020 Estimates as of October 4, 2021 - No. 28. Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. afcarsreport28.pdfhhs.gov
- Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2021). Family engagement: Partnering with families to improve child welfare outcomes. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau. https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubpdfs/f_fam_engagement.pdf
- Choi, S., & Ryan, J. P. (2007). Co-occurring problems for substance abusing mothers in child welfare: Matching services to improve family reunification. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(11), 1395–1410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.05.013
- Cole, M. A., & Caron, S. L. (2010). Exploring factors which lead to successful reunification in domestic violence cases: Interviews with caseworkers. Journal of Family Violence, 25(3), 297–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-009-9292-x
- Constantino, C., Randolph, K., Gross, M., Latham, D., Rooney, M., & Preshia, E. (2021). The subjective experience of information communication technology use among child welfare workers. Children and Youth Services Review, 121, 105865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105865
- Copeland, V. A. (2021). “It’s the only system we’ve got”: Exploring emergency response decision-making in child welfare. Columbia Journal of Race and Law Forum, 11(3), 46–74. https://doi.org/10.52214/cjrl.v11i3.8740
- D’andrade, A. C. (2015). Parents and court-ordered services: A descriptive study of service use in child welfare reunification. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 96(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.2015.96.5
- D’andrade, A. C., & Chambers, R. M. (2012). Parental problems, case plan requirements, and service targeting in child welfare reunification. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(10), 2131–2138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.07.008
- de Boer, C., & Coady, N. (2007). Good helping relationships in child welfare: Learning from stories of success. Child & Family Social Work, 12(1), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2006.00438.x
- Drake, B. (1994). Relationship competencies in child welfare services. Social Work, 39(5), 595–602.
- Gibson, K., Samuels, G., & Pryce, J. (2018). Authors of accountability: Paperwork and social work in contemporary child welfare practice. Children and Youth Services Review, 85, 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.12.010
- Gockel, A., Russell, M., & Harris, B. (2008). Recreating family: Parents identify worker-client relationships as paramount in family preservation programs. Child Welfare, 87(6), 91–113.
- Hwang, J., & Hopkins, K. M. (2015). A structural equation model of the effects of diversity characteristics and inclusion on organizational outcomes in the child welfare workforce. Children and Youth Services Review, 50, 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.01.012
- Jedwab, M., Chatterjee, A., & Shaw, T. V. (2018). Caseworkers’ insights and experiences with successful reunification. Children and Youth Services Review, 86, 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.01.017
- Jenson, C. E., Pine, B. A., Spath, R., & Kerman, B. (2009). Developing strong helping alliances in family reunification. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 3(4), 331–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548730903347812
- Keddell, E. (2012). Going home: Managing “risk” through relationship in returning children from foster care to their families of origin. Qualitative Social Work, 11(6), 604–620. http://dx.doi.org.www2.lib.ku.edu/10.1177/1473325011411010
- Kiraly, M., & Humphreys, C. (2015). A tangled web: Parental contact with children in kinship care: Parental contact with children in kinship care. Child & Family Social Work, 20(1), 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12060
- Kokaliari, E. D., Roy, A. W., & Taylor, J. (2019). African American perspectives on racial disparities in child removals. Child Abuse & Neglect, 90, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.12.023
- Martin, D. J., Garske, J. P., & Davis, M. K. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 68(3), 438–450.
- Mertz, M., & Hald Andersen, S. (2017). The hidden cost of foster-care: New evidence on the inter-generational transmission of foster-care experiences. British Journal of Social Work, 47(5), 1377–1393. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcw132
- Minoff, E. (2020). Economic security in good times and bad: COVID-19 demonstrates why we need a child allowance. Center for the Study of Social Policy. https://cssp.org/resource/economic-security-in-good-times-and-bad-covid-19-demonstrates-why-we-need-a-child-allowance/
- Nixon, K. L., Radtke, H. L., & Tutty, L. M. (2013). “Every day it takes a piece of you away”: Experiences of grief and loss among abused mothers involved with child protective services. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 7(2), 172–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548732.2012.715268
- Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 160940691773384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
- Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage Publications, Inc.
- Radey, M., & Schelbe, L. (2020). Gender support disparities in a majority-female profession. Social Work Research, 44(2), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svaa004
- Reimer, E. C. (2014). Using friendship to build professional family work relationships where child neglect is an issue: Worker perceptions. Australian Social Work, 67(3), 315–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2013.815240
- Roberts, D. E. (2014). Child protection as surveillance of African American families. The Journal of Social Welfare & Family Law, 36(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/09649069.2014.967991
- Rockhill, A., Green, B. L., & Newton-Curtis, L. (2007). Accessing substance abuse treatment: Issues for parents involved with child welfare services. Child Welfare, 87(3), 63–93.
- Rollins, W. (2020). Social worker–client relationships: Social worker perspectives. Australian Social Work, 73(4), 395–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2019.1669687
- Schreiber, J. C., Fuller, T., & Paceley, M. S. (2013). Engagement in child protective services: Parent perceptions of worker skills. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(4), 707–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.01.018
- Sinai-Glazer, H., & Krane, J. (2020). Navigating helping relationships amidst heavy workloads: An institutional ethnography of social workers’ accounts. Journal of Social Work, 146801732094936. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017320949365
- Smith, B. D., & Donovan, S. E. (2003). Child welfare practice in organizational and institutional context. The Social Service Review, 77(4), 541–563.
- Steenrod, S., & Mirick, R. (2017). Substance use disorders and referral to treatment in substantiated cases of child maltreatment: SUD treatment in substantiated cases of child maltreatment. Child & Family Social Work, 22(3), 1141–1150. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12331
- Stephens, T. N., Parchment, T., Gopalan, G., Burton, G., Ortiz, A., Brantley, T., Martinez, S., & McKay, M. (2016). Assessing the needs of reunified families from foster care: A parent perspective. Child Welfare Arlington, 94(6), 9–37.
- Stromwall, L. K., Larson, N. C., Nieri, T., Holley, L. C., Topping, D., Castillo, J., & Ashford, J. B. (2008). Parents with co-occurring mental health and substance abuse conditions involved in child protection services: Clinical profile and treatment needs. Child Welfare, 87(3), 95–113.
- Syrstad, E., & Slettebø, T. (2020). To understand the incomprehensible: A qualitative study of parents’ challenges after child removal and their experiences with support services. Child & Family Social Work, 25(1), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12662
- Wells, K. (2011). A narrative analysis of one mother’s story of child custody loss and regain. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(3), 439–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.06.019