140
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Wrangling in the Marketplace or Bartering in the Bazaar? Adapting Metaphors for Public Relations’ Societal Role

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 129-151 | Received 26 Feb 2023, Accepted 14 Nov 2023, Published online: 30 Nov 2023

References

  • Aghazadeh, S. A. (2022). Advocacy and marginality: Considering legitimacy, authenticity, and culture to extend fully functioning society theory. Journal of Public Relations Research, 34(6), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2022.2118749
  • Amnesty International. (2019). Surveillance giants: How the business model of Google and Facebook threatens human rights. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol30/1404/2019/en/
  • Anderson, L. B., & Guo, J. S. (2021). Communicating stakeholder resilience: Understanding how resilience discourse can build a fully functioning society. Journal of Public Relations Research, 33(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2020.1867986
  • Ashraf, A. (1988). Bazaar-mosque alliance: The social basis of revolts and revolutions. International Journal of Politics, Culture & Society, 1(4), 538–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01390687
  • Barrett, P. M., Hendrix, J., & Sims, J. G. (2021). Fueling the fire: How social media intensifies U.S. political polarization – and what can be done about it. New York University Center for Business and Human Rights. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b6df958f8370af3217d4178/t/613a4d4cc86b9d3810eb35aa/1631210832122/NYU+CBHR+Fueling+The+Fire_FINAL+ONLINE+REVISED+Sep7.pdf
  • Beattie, P. (2019). Social evolution, political psychology, and the media in democracy: The invisible hand in the U.S. marketplace of ideas. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bernays, E. L. (1936). Freedom of propaganda: The constructive forming of public opinion. Propaganda Vital Speeches of the Day, 2(24), 744–746.
  • Bernays, E. L. (1971). Emergence of the public relations counsel: Principles and recollections. The Business History Review, 45(3), 296–316. https://doi.org/10.2307/3113663
  • Blocher, J. (2008). Institutions in the marketplace of ideas. Duke Law Journal, 57(4), 821–889. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dlj/vol57/iss4/1
  • Boman, C. D. (2021). Examining characteristics of prebunking strategies to overcome PR disinformation attacks. Public Relations Review, 47(5), 102105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102105
  • Brietzke, P. H. (1997). How and why the marketplace of ideas fails. Valparaiso University School of Law, 31, 951–969. https://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr/vol31/iss3/4
  • Brinsford, J. (2023). Caitlyn Jenner’s comments on trans people in sports spark discussion. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/caitlyn-jenner-comments-trans-people-sports-sparks-discussion-1788169
  • Burke, K. (1950/1969). A rhetoric of motives. University of California Press.
  • Burke, K. (1969). A grammar of motives. University of California Press.
  • Burke, K. (1984). Permanence and change. University of California Press.
  • Campbell, K. K. (1982). The rhetorical act. Wadsworth Pub. Co.
  • Cancian, D. (2021, June 24). Major sports stars speak out against transgender Olympic athlete Laurel Hubbard. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/brett-favre-laurel-hubbard-transgender-women-olympics-womens-sports-fairness-1603656
  • Capizzo, L., & Madden, S. (2022). Organizing community: Activist public relations as place-making. Public Relations Review, 48(5), 102260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102260
  • Cheney, G., & Christensen, L. T. (2006). What should public relations theory do, practically speaking? Journal of Communication Management, 10(1), 100–102. https://doi.org/10.1108/13632540610646418
  • Ciszek, E. (2020). The man behind the woman: Publicity, celebrity public relations, and cultural intermediation. Public Relations Inquiry, 9(2), 135–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147X20920821
  • Ciszek, E., Haven, P., & Logan, N. (2023). Amplification and the limits of visibility: Complicating strategies of trans voice and representations on social media. New Media & Society, 25(7), 1605–1625. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211031031
  • Ciszek, E., & Logan, N. (2018). Challenging the dialogic promise: How Ben & Jerry’s support for Black Lives Matter fosters dissensus on social media. Journal of Public Relations Research, 30(3), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2018.1498342
  • Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2018). Social issue qua wicked problems: The role of strategic communication in social issues management. Journal of Communication Management, 22(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-11-2016-0093
  • Cross, K. (2015). Unsayable? To the contrary, negative stereotypes of trans women are heard far too often. https://rewirenewsgroup.com/2015/06/23/unsayable-contrary-negative-stereotypes-trans-women-heard-far-often/
  • Damiris, N., & Wild, H. (1997). The Internet: A new agora? In J. Berleur & D. Whitehouse (Eds.), An Ethical Global Information Society. the international federation for information processing. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35327-2_27
  • Davidson, S. (2016). Public relations theory: An agonistic critique of the turns to dialogue and symmetry. Public Relations Inquiry, 5(2), 145–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147X16649007
  • Demil, B., & Lecocq, X. (2006). Neither market nor hierarchy nor network: The emergence of bazaar governance. Organization Studies, 27(10), 1447–1466. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840606067250
  • Drake, A. (2023). Deliberative democracy and systemic racism. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 56(1), 92–112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423922000919
  • Edwards, L. (2016). The role of public relations in deliberative systems. Journal of Communication, 66(1), 60–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12199
  • Edwards, L. (2020). Transparency, publicity, democracy, and markets: Inhabiting tensions through hybridity. American Behavioral Scientist, 64(11), 1545–1564. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764220945350
  • Edwards, L. (2021). Organised lying and professional legitimacy: Public relations’ accountability in the disinformation debate. European Journal of Communication, 36(2), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323120966851
  • Fanselow, F. S. (1990). The bazaar economy or how bizarre is the bazaar really? Man, 25(2), 250–265. https://doi.org/10.2307/2804563
  • Fawkes, J. (2018). The evolution of public relations research – an overview. Communication & Society, 31(4), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.31.4.159-169
  • Fitzpatrick, K. (2006). Baselines for ethical advocacy in the ‘marketplace of ideas’. In K. Fitzpatrick & C. Bronstein (Eds.), Ethical public relations: Responsible advocacy (pp. 1–17). Sage.
  • Fitzpatrick, K., & Gauthier, C. (2001). Toward a professional responsibility theory of public relations ethics. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 16(2/3), 193–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900523.2001.9679612
  • Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social Text, 2(25–26), 56–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/466240
  • Fraser, N., & Jaeggi, R. (2018). Capitalism: A conversation in critical theory. Polity.
  • Freking, K. (2023, April 20). House approves trans athlete ban for girls and women’s teams. https://apnews.com/article/congress-transgender-women-sports-ban-athletes-1c58c20cac2b191e323e4376d7949a2d
  • Gambrell, J. (2022, November 15). Shops in Iran, including Grand Bazaar, close over protests. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/iran-world-cup-sports-soccer-religion-ba78b69f05edebc3e80d1b235ca71324
  • Gandy, O. H. (1982). Beyond agenda setting: Information subsidies and public policy. Praeger.
  • Geertz, C. (1978). The bazaar economy: Information and search in peasant marketing. Economics and Anthropology, 68(2), 28–32. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494338-8
  • Geertz, C., Geertz, H., Rosen, L. & Hyman, P. (1979). Meaning and order in Moroccan society: Three essays in cultural analysis. Cambridge University Press.
  • GLAAD. (2021, November. 17). Guest post from Joanna Hoffman of Athlete ally: Trans women aren’t taking over sports, but transphobia is. https://glaad.org/trans-women-arent-taking-over-sports-transphobia/
  • Goldman, A. I. (1999). Knowledge in a social world. Clarendon Press.
  • Gordon, J. (1997). John Stuart Mill and the “marketplace of ideas. Social Theory and Practice, 23(2), 235–249. https://doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract199723210
  • Grunig, J. E. (2000). Collectivism, collaboration, and societal corporatism as core professional values in public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 12(1), 23–48. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1201_3
  • Grunig, J. E. (2006). Furnishing the edifice: Ongoing research on public relations as a strategic management function. Journal of Public Relations Research, 18(2), 151–176. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1802_5
  • Hallahan, K. (2004). “Community” as a foundation for public relations theory and practice. Annals of the International Communication Association, 28(1), 233–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2004.11679037
  • Harris, N., & Delanty, G. (2023). What is capitalism? Toward a working definition. Social Science Information. https://doi.org/10.1177/05390184231203878
  • Harvey, D. (2007). Neoliberalism as creative destruction. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716206296780
  • Heath, R. L. (1992). The wrangle in the marketplace: A rhetorical perspective on public relations. In E. L. Toth & R. L. Heath (Eds.), Rhetorical and critical approaches to public relations (pp. 17–36). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Heath, R. L. (2000). A rhetorical perspective on the values of public relations: Crossroads and pathways toward concurrence. Journal of Public Relations Research, 12(1), 69–91. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1201_5
  • Heath, R. L. (2006). Onward into more fog: Thoughts on public relations’ research directions. Journal of Public Relations Research, 18(2), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1802_2
  • Heath, R. L. (2009). The rhetorical tradition: Wrangle in the marketplace. In R. L. Heath, E. L. Toth, & D. Waymer (Eds.), Rhetorical and critical approaches to public relations II (pp. 29–59). Routledge.
  • Heath, R. L., & Ihlen, Ø. (2018). Public relations and rhetoric: Conflict and concurrence. In Ø. Ihlen & R. L. Heath (Eds.), Handbook of organizational rhetoric and communication (pp. 51–66). Wiley Blackwell.
  • Heath, R. L., & Waymer, D. (2009). Activist public relations and the paradox of the positive: A case study of Frederick Douglass’ “Fourth of July address. In R. L. Heath, E. L. Toth, & D. Waymer (Eds.), Rhetorical and critical approaches to public relations II (pp. 207–227). Routledge.
  • Heath, R. L., Waymer, D., & Palenchar, M. J. (2013). Is the universe of democracy, rhetoric, and public relations whole cloth or three separate galaxies? Public Relations Review, 39(4), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.07.017
  • Hilton, E. N., & Lundberg, T. R. (2021). Transgender women in the female category of sport: Perspectives on testosterone suppression and performance advantage. Sports Medicine, 51(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01389-3
  • Holtzhausen, D. (2013). Public relations as activism: Post modern approaches to theory & practice. Routledge.
  • Holtzhausen, D. R. (2002a). A postmodern critique of public relations theory and practice. Communicatio: South African Journal of Communication Theory and Research, 28(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/02500160208537955
  • Holtzhausen, D. R. (2002b). Towards a postmodern research agenda for public relations. Public Relations Review, 28(3), 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(02)00131-5
  • Hopkins, W. W. (1996). The Supreme Court defines the marketplace of ideas. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 73(1), 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909607300105
  • Iannacone, J. I. (2021). Negotiating crises interpretations: The global rhetorical arena of the 2018 migrant caravan “crisis. Public Relations Review, 47(2), 102034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102034
  • Ihlen, Ø. (2011). On barnyard scrambles: Toward a rhetoric of public relations. Management Communication Quarterly, 25(3), 455–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318911409533
  • Ihlen, Ø., & Heath, R. L. (2019). Ethical grounds for public relations as organizational rhetoric. Public Relations Review, 45(4), 101824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101824
  • Ingber, S. (1984). The marketplace of ideas: A legitimizing myth. Duke Law Journal, 1984(1), 1–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/1372344
  • Ingle, S. (2023, March 23). World Athletics Council excludes transgender women from female events. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/mar/23/world-athletics-council-excludes-transgender-women-from-female-events
  • Jakubowska, H. (2023). Who counts as a woman? A critical discourse analysis of petitions against the participation of transgender athletes in women’s sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902231194570
  • Jones, B. A., Arcelus, J., Bouman, W. P., & Haycraft, E. (2017). Sport and transgender people: A systematic review of the literature relating to sport participation and competitive sport policies. Sports Medicine, 47(4), 701–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0621-y
  • Kent, M. (2001). Managerial rhetoric as the metaphor for the World Wide Web. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 18(3), 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393180128084
  • Kent, M. L., & Lane, A. B. (2017). A rhizomatous metaphor for dialogic theory. Public Relations Review, 43(3), 568–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.02.017
  • Kent, M. L., & Taylor, M. (2002). Toward a dialogic theory of public relations. Public Relations Review, 28(1), 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(02)00108-X
  • Kim, J.-N., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2021). Pseudo-information, media, publics, and the failing marketplace of ideas: Theory. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2), 163–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764220950606
  • Kocka, J. (2016). Capitalism: A short history. Princeton University Press.
  • Kövecses, Z. (2009). The effect of context on the use of metaphor in discourse. Ibérica, 17, 11–23. https://revistaiberica.org/index.php/iberica/article/view/367
  • Krueger, G. (2007). China’s authoritarian market economy. Macalester International, 18(1). https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/macintl/vol18/iss1/18
  • Lada, A., Wang, M., & Yan, T. (2021). How does news feed predict what you want to see? https://about.fb.com/news/2021/01/how-does-news-feed-predict-what-you-want-to-see/
  • Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.
  • Lane, A. B. (2020). The dialogic ladder: Toward a framework of dialogue. Public Relations Review, 46(1), 101870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101870
  • Little, O. (2021, May 18). TikTok’s recommendation algorithm is promoting homophobia and anti-trans violence. Media Matters for America. https://www.mediamatters.org/tiktok/tiktoks-recommendation-algorithm-promoting-homophobia-and-anti-trans-violence
  • Liu, B. F., Atwell Seate, A., Iles, I., & Herovic, E. (2020). Tornado warning: Understanding the National Weather Service’s communication strategies. Public Relations Review, 46(2), 46(2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101879
  • Logan, N. (2018). The rise of the railroad in Virginia: A historical analysis of the emergence of corporate public relations in the United States. Public Relations Inquiry, 7(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147X17743299
  • Logan, N., & Tindall, N. T. J. (2018). Voice. In R. L. Heath & W. Johansen, J. Falkheimer, K. Hallahan, J. J. C. Raupp, and B. Steyn, (Eds.) The international encyclopedia of strategic communication John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119010722.iesc019
  • Macedo, S. (2022). Lost in the marketplace of ideas: Towards a new constitution for free speech after Trump and Twitter? Philosophy & Social Criticism, 48(4), 496–514. https://doi.org/10.1177/01914537221089363
  • Madden, S. (2019). The issue with issues management: Considering the emotional and gendered core of issues. Public Relations Inquiry, 8(3), 299–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147X19872240
  • Mark, J. (2021). World History Encyclopedia. https://www.worldhistory.org/agora/
  • Martinson, D. L. (1998). A question of distributive and social justice: Public relations practitioners and the marketplace. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 13(3), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jmme1303_1
  • McMillan, J. (2002). Reinventing the bazaar: A natural history of markets. W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Mohanty, P. K. (2022). The bazaar as a public domain of cultural contests at colonial Cuttack, 1870–1940. Studies in People’s History, 9(2), 180–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/23484489221120089
  • Moloney, K., & McGrath, C. (2019). Rethinking public relations: Persuasion, democracy and society (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429489310
  • Morrison, T. (2021). Nearly 500 leaders, activists and celebrities sign open letter supporting trans women and girls. Good Morning America. https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/500-leaders-activists-celebrities-sign-open-letter-supporting-76788407
  • Nagourney, A., & Peters, J. W. (2023, April 17). How a campaign against transgender rights mobilized conservatives. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/16/us/politics/transgender-conservative-campaign.html
  • Napoli, P. M. (1999). The marketplace of ideas metaphor in communications regulation. Journal of Communication, 49(4), 151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02822.x
  • Pearson, R. (1989). Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry. Journal of Public Relations Research, 1(1–4), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr0101-4_3
  • Pérez Ortega, R. (2023, April 4). World Athletics banned transgender women from competing. Does science support the rule? Science. https://www.science.org/content/article/world-athletics-banned-transgender-women-competing-does-science-support-rule
  • Place, K. R. (2022). Toward a framework for listening with consideration for intersectionality: Insights from public relations professionals in borderland spaces. Journal of Public Relations Research, 34(1–2), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2022.2057502
  • Pourjafar, M., Amini, M., Hatami Varzaneh, E., & Mahdavinejad, M. (2014). Role of bazaars as a unifying factor in traditional cities of Iran: The Isfahan bazaar. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 3(1), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2013.11.001
  • Public Relations Society of America. (2000). Code of ethics. https://www.prsa.org/about/ethics/prsa-code-of-ethics
  • Rathnam, L. M. (2023). The marketplace of ideas and the agora: Herodotus on the power of isegoria. American Political Science Review, 117(1), 140–152. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055422000661
  • Rohlinger, D. A., Rose, K., Warren, S., & Shulman, S. (2023). Does the Musk Twitter takeover matter? Political influencers, their arguments, and the quality of information they share. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 9, 23780231231152193. https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231231152193
  • Save Women’s Sports. (2021, March 13). Beth Stelzer testifying in Arkansas to protect female sports. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMRzYa2yXPY&t=165s
  • Save Women’s Sports. (n.d.). Facts. https://www.savewomenssport.com/the-facts
  • Schauer, F. (1982). Free speech: A philosophical amendment. Cambridge University Press.
  • Schilken, C. (2023). Lance Armstrong cheated. Now he wants to discuss fairness of trans athletes in sports. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/sports/story/2023-06-26/lance-armstrong-transgender-athletes
  • Schroeder, J. (2018). Toward a discursive marketplace of ideas: Reimaging the marketplace metaphor in the era of social media, fake news, and artificial intelligence. First Amendment Studies, 52(1–2), 38–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/21689725.2018.1460215
  • Sherman, Z. (2019). Interrogating the analogy of the marketplace of ideas, interpreting the first amendment. Forum for Social Economics, 48(2), 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/07360932.2019.1601123
  • Sommerfeldt, E. J. (2013). The civility of social capital: Public relations in the public sphere, civil society, and democracy. Public Relations Review, 39(4), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.12.004
  • Sommerfeldt, E. J., & Iannacone, J. (2023). A “public” by any other name: Reclaiming publics theory, and liberating publics from “OPR. In C. H. Botan & E. J. Sommerfeldt (Eds.), Public relations theory III (pp. 23–37). Routledge.
  • Sparrow, R., & Goodin, R. E. (2001). The competition of ideas: Market or garden? Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 4(2), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230108403349
  • Steele, C. K. (2021). Digital black feminism. New York University Press.
  • Stokes, A. Q. (2013). You are what you eat: Slow Food USA’s constitutive public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 25(1), 68–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2013.739102
  • Stokes, A. Q., & Atkins-Sayre, W. (2018). PETA, rhetorical fracture, and the power of digitalactivism. Public Relations Inquiry, 7(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147X18770216
  • Strangio, C., & Arkles, G. (n.d.). Four myths about trans athletes, debunked. American Civil Liberties Union. https://www.aclu.org/news/lgbtq-rights/four-myths-about-trans-athletes-debunked
  • Surprenant, C. W. (2021). Accommodating transgender athletes. Georgetown Journal of Law & Public Policy, 18, 905–914. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3771471
  • Waymer, D. (2018). Spades, shovels, and backhoes: Unearthing metaphors in organizational rhetoric. In Ø. Ihlen & R. L. Heath (Eds.), Handbook of organizational rhetoric and communication (pp. 245–256). Wiley Blackwell.
  • Waymer, D., & Heath, R. L. (2007). Emergent agents: The forgotten publics in crisis communication and issues management research. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 35(1), 88–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880601065730
  • Waymer, D., & Logan, N. (2021). Corporate social advocacy as engagement: Nike’s social justice communication. Public Relations Review, 47(1), 102005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.102005
  • Weiland, M. N. (2022). First amendment metaphors: The death of the “marketplace of ideas” and the rise of the post-truth “free flow of information. Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities, 33(2), 366–410.
  • Willis, P. (2016). From humble inquiry to humble intelligence: Confronting wicked problems and augmenting public relations. Public Relations Review, 42(2), 306–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.05.007
  • Yurcaba, J., & The Associated Press. (2023). Caitlyn Jenner says transgender girls in women’s sports is ‘unfair. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/caitlyn-jenner-says-transgender-girls-women-s-sports-unfair-n1266138
  • Zitser, J. (2021, May 29). TikTok’s algorithm is promoting homophobia and anti-trans violence on for you pages, experiment finds. The Insider. https://www.insider.com/tiktok-algorithm-promotes-transphobic-homphobic-content-fyp-experiment-finds-2021-5
  • Zoch, L. M., & Molleda, J. C. (2006). Building a theoretical model of media relations using framing, information subsidies, and agenda-building. In C. Botan & V. Hazleton (Eds.), Public relations theory II (pp. 279–309). Routledge.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.