Internet Plus, Industrial Transformation, and China’s Evolving Urban System

References

• AliResearch, Report on China’s Urban E-Commerce Development Index in 2016 (Hangzhou: AliResearch, 2016) <http://www.aliresearch.com/Blog/Article/detail/id/21145.html> Accessed January 12, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• T. Alizadeh, “Urban Digital Strategies: Planning in the Face of Information Technology?” Journal of Urban Technology 24: 2 (2017) 35–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. A. Balland, R. Boschma, J. Crespo, D Rigby, “Smart Specialization Policy in the EU: Relatedness, Knowledge Complexity and Regional Diversification,” Regional Studies 53: 9 (2019) 1252–1268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Batty, J. Clifton, P. Tyler, L. Wan, “The Post-Covid City,” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 15: 3 (2022) 447–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Bresnahan, A. Gambardella, eds., Building High-Tech Regions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
   Google Scholar
• R. A. Boschma, G. van der Knaap, “New Technology and Windows of Locational Opportunity: Indeterminacy, Creativity and Chance,” in J. Reijnders, ed., Economics and Evolution (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1997) 171–202.
   Google Scholar
• R. Capello, C. Lenzi. “Industry 4.0 and Servitisation: Regional Patterns of 4.0 Technological Transformations in Europe,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 173 (2021a) 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Capello, C. Lenzi. “4.0 Technologies and the Rise of New Islands of Innovation in European Regions,” Regional Studies 55: 10–11 (2021b): 1724–1737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. C. K. Chan, X. B. Zhao, “The Relationship Between Administrative Hierarchy Position and City Size Development in China,” GeoJournal 56: 2 (2002) 97–112.
   Google Scholar
• Y. Chen, R. Hassink, “The Geography of the Emergence of Online Peer-to-Peer Lending Platforms in China: An Evolutionary Economic Geography Perspective,” International Journal of Urban Sciences 26: 2 (2022) 351–371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Corradini, E. Santini, C. Vecciolini, “The Geography of Industry 4.0 Technologies across European Regions,” Regional Studies 55: 10–11 (2021) 1667–1680.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Crespo, “Agencies, Scales and Times of Path Creation: The Case of IoT in Toulouse,” Regional Science Policy and Practice 13: 5 (2021) 1527–1545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. De Propris, D. Bailey, “Pathways of Regional Transformation and Industry 4.0,” Regional Studies 55: 10–11 (2021) 1617–1629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Devriendt, A. Boulton, S. Brunn, B. Derudder, F. Witlox, “Searching for Cyberspace: The Position of Major Cities in the Information Age,” Journal of Urban Technology 18: 1 (2011) 73–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Doloreux, E. Turkina, “New Path Creation in the Artificial Intelligence Industry: Regional Preconditions, New Actors and Their Collective Actions, and Policies,” Regional Studies 55: 10–11 (2021) 1751–1763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Fang, B. Pang, and H. Liu, “Global City Size Hierarchy: Spatial Patterns, Regional Features, and Implications for China,” Habitat International 66 (2017) 149–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. P. Feldman, I. Lendel, “Under the Lens: The Geography of Optical Science as an Emerging Industry,” Economic Geography 86: 2 (2010) 147–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Florida, A. Rodríguez-Pose, and M. Storper, “Cities in a Post-COVID World,” Urban Studies 60: 8 (2023) 1509–1531. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211018072.
   Google Scholar
• K. Frenken, R.A. Boschma, “A Theoretical Framework for Evolutionary Economic Geography: Industrial Dynamics and Urban Growth as a Branching Process,” Journal of Economic Geography 7: 5 (2007) 635–649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Galliano, P. Roux, N. Soulié, “ICT Intensity of Use and the Geography of Firms,” Environment and Planning A 43: 1 (2011) 67–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. S. Gertler, T. Vinodrai, “Life Sciences and Regional Innovation: One Path or Many?” European Planning Studies 17: 2 (2009) 235–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. P. Gorman, “Where Are the Web Factories: The Urban Bias of E-business Location,” Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 93: 5 (2002) 522–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. H. Grubesic, T. C. Matisziw, D. A. J. Ripley, “Approximating the Geographical Characteristics of Internet Activity,” Journal of Urban Technology 18:1 (2011) 51–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Guo, Y. Liu, H. Yu, B. Hu, Z. Sang, “An Overview of Smart City in China,” China Communications 13: 5 (2016) 203–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hangzhou Daily, “Hangzhou: From ‘the Capital of E-Commerce’ to ‘the Entrepreneurship and Innovation Center,’” Hangzhou Daily (August 30, 2016) <http://hzdaily.hangzhou.com.cn/hzrb/html/2016-08/30/content_2350364.htm> Accessed January 12, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• R. Hassink, A. Isaksen, M. Trippl, “Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of New Regional Industrial Path Development,” Regional Studies 53: 11 (2019) 1636–1645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. He, Y. Yan, D. Rigby, “Regional Industrial Evolution in China,” Papers in Regional Science 97: 2 (2018) 173–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Hervas-Oliver, S. Estelles-Miguel, M. Peris-Ortiz, J. Belso-Martínez, “Does Regional Innovation Policy Really Work for Industry 4.0? Evidence for Industrial Districts,” European Planning Studies 31: 7 (2023) 1358–1376.
   Google Scholar
• P. M. Hohenberg, L. H. Lees, The Making of Urban Europe, 1000–1950 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985).
   Google Scholar
• K. Hristov, “Internet Plus Policy: A Study on How China can Achieve Economic Growth through the Internet of Things,” Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management 8: 3 (2017) 375–386.
   Google Scholar
• X. Huang, X. Song, X. Hu, “Does ‘Internet Plus’ Promote New Export Space for Firms? Evidence from China,” China and World Economy 26: 6 (2018) 50–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Huggins, P. Thompson, “Cities, Innovation and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Assessing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 15: 3 (2022) 635–661.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Janc, “Visibility and Connections among Cities in Digital Space,” Journal of Urban Technology 22: 4 (2015) 3–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Jansson, “Emerging (Internet) Industry and Agglomeration: Internet Entrepreneurs Coping with Uncertainty,” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 23: 7–8 (2011) 499–521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Jiang, J. P. Murmann, “The Rise of China’s Digital Economy: An Overview,” Management and Organization Review 18: 4 (2022) 790–802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Jones, “Spatial Economy and the Geography of Functional Economic Areas,” Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 44: 3 (2017) 486–503.
   Google Scholar
• P. Kedron, S. Bagchi-Sen, “A Study of the Emerging Renewable Energy Sector within Iowa,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 101: 4 (2011) 882–896.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Kshetri, “The Evolution of the Internet of Things Industry and Market in China: An Interplay of Institutions, Demands and Supply,” Telecommunications Policy 41: 1 (2017) 49–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Lazzeretti, N. Innocenti, M. Nanelli, S. Oliva, “The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence in the Regional Sciences: A Literature Review,” European Planning Studies (2022) 1–21. doi:10.1080/09654313.2022.2101880.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Lee, H. Kim, J. Kim, J. Choi, “China’s Internet Plus Strategy: Characteristics and Regional Case Study,” World Economy Brief 19-23 (Sejong-si, Korea: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• N. G. Leigh, B. R. Kraft, “Emerging Robotic Regions in the United States: Insights for Regional Economic Evolution,” Regional Studies 52: 6 (2018) 804–815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Lepore, F. Spigarelli, “Integrating Industry 4.0 Plans into Regional Innovation Strategies,” Local Economy 35: 5 (2020) 496–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Lin, Z. Yu, Y.H.D. Wei, and M. Wang, “Internet Access, Spillover and Regional Development in China,” Sustainability 9: 6 (2017) 1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Lindtner, “Hackerspaces and the Internet of Things in China: How Makers Are Reinventing Industrial Production, Innovation, and the Self,” China Information 28: 2 (2014) 145–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Liu, B. Derudder, K. Wu, “Measuring Polycentric Urban Development in China: An Intercity Transportation Network Perspective,” Regional Studies 50: 8 (2015) 1302–1315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. P. Y. Loo, B. Wang, “Progress of E-development in China since 1998,” Telecommunications Policy 41: 9 (2017) 731–742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Ma, C. Fang, B. Pang, S. Wang, “Structure of Chinese City Network as Driven by Technological Knowledge Flows,” Chinese Geographical Science 25: 4 (2015) 498–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. A. Mack, E. Wentz, “Industry Variations in the Broadband Business Nexus,” Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 58 (2017) 51–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Martin, P. Sunley, “Path Dependence and Regional Economic Evolution,” Journal of Economic Geography 6: 4 (2006) 395–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. McCann, R. Ortega-Argilés, “Smart Specialization, Regional Growth and Applications to European Union Cohesion Policy,” Regional Studies 49: 8 (2015) 1291–1302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Morrison, L. Cusmano, “Globalisation, Knowledge and Institutional Change: Towards an Evolutionary Perspective to Economic Development,” Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 106: 2 (2015) 133–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People’s Republic of China by County (Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2012).
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics, China City Statistical Yearbook (Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• H. J. Nelson, “A Service Classification of American Cities,” Economic Geography 31: 3 (1955) 189–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. B. Pick, T. Nishida, “Digital Divides in the World and its Regions: A Spatial and Multivariate Analysis of Technological Utilization,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 91 (2015) 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Research Group, Annual Report on the China’s Internet Plus Development 2015 (Beijing: Science Press, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• M. Russo, A. Caloffi, A. Colovic, P. Pavone, S. Romeo, F. Rossi, “Mapping Regional Strengths in a Key Enabling Technology: The Distribution of Internet of Things Competences across European Regions,” Papers in Regional Science 101: 4 (2022) 875–900.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. D. Sandulli, E. M. Gimenez-Fernandez, M. I. Rodriguez Ferradas, “The Transition of Regional Innovation Systems to Industry 4.0: The Case of Basque Country and Catalonia,” European Planning Studies 29: 9 (2021) 1622–1636.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. A. Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1911).
   Google Scholar
• A. J. Scott, “A World in Emergence: Notes toward a Resynthesis of Urban-Economic Geography for the 21st Century,” Urban Geography 32: 6 (2011) 845–870.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Shi, M. Wurm, X. Huang, T. Zhong, H. Taubenböck, “Measuring the Spatial Hierarchical Urban System in China in Reference to the Central Place Theory,” Habitat International 105 (2020) 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Sternberg, “Neither Planned nor by Chance: How Knowledge-Intensive Clusters Emerge,” in D. Fornahl, S. Henn, M. -P. Menzel ed., Emerging Clusters (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2010) 295–323.
   Google Scholar
• J. Sydow, F. Lerch, U. Staber, “Planning for Path Dependence? The Case of a Network in the Berlin-Brandenburg Optics Cluster,” Economic Geography 86: 2 (2010) 173–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. N. Tanner, “The Emergence of New Technology-Based Industries: The Case of Fuel Cells and Its Technological Relatedness to Regional Knowledge Bases,” Journal of Economic Geography 16: 3 (2016) 611–635.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. J. Taylor, M. Hoyler, R. Verbruggen, “External Urban Relational Process: Introducing Central Flow Theory to Complement Central Place Theory,” Urban Studies 47: 13 (2010) 2803–2818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Tranos, “The Topology and the Emerging Urban Geographies of the Internet Backbone and Aviation Networks in Europe: A Comparative Study,” Environment and Planning A 43: 2 (2011) 378–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Wang, B. P. Y. Loo, “Hubs of Internet Entrepreneurs: The Emergence of Co-Working Offices in Shanghai, China,” Journal of Urban Technology 24: 3 (2017) 67–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. C. Wang, G. C. Lin, G. C. Li, “Industrial Clustering and Technological Innovation in China: New Evidence from the ICT Industry in Shenzhen,” Environment and Planning A 42: 8 (2010) 1987–2010.
   Google Scholar
• M. Wang, “The Network Advantage of Cities: The Evolving Urban Geography of Internet in China,” in Z. Guo, J. Zhao, and M. Guo, eds., Proceedings of China Planning Network (CPN) 3rd Annual Conference (Beijing: China Planning Network, 2006) 202–214.
   Google Scholar
• Z. Wang, C. Chen, B. Guo, Z. Yu, X. Zhou, “Internet Plus in China,” IT Professional 18: 3 (2016) 5–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Wang, X. P. S. Zhang, “The Role of the Internet in Changing Industry Competition,” Information and Management 52: 1 (2015) 71–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. H. D. Wei, X. Bi, M. Wang, Y. Ning, “Globalization, Economic Restructuring and Locational Trajectories of Software Firms in Shanghai,” The Professional Geographer 68: 2 (2016) 211–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Xiao, R. Boschma, “The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence in European Regions: The Role of a Local ICT Base,” The Annals of Regional Science (2022) 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-022-01181-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Xie, X. Xie, C. Martínez-Climent, “Identifying the Factors Determining the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem of Internet Cultural Industries in Emerging Economies,” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 15 (2019) 503–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Zhang, “China’s Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry,” Eurasian Geography and Economics 49: 5 (2008) 549–568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Zhang, “Related Variety, Global Connectivity and Institutional Embeddedness: Internet Development in Beijing and Shanghai Compared,” Regional Studies 47: 7 (2013) 1065–1081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Zhao, X. Liu, B. Derudder, Y. Zhong, W. Shen, “Mapping Producer Services Networks in Mainland Chinese Cities,” Urban Studies 52: 16 (2015) 3018–3034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Zhen, B. Wang, Z. Wei, “The Rise of the Internet City in China: Production and Consumption of Internet Information,” Urban Studies 52: 13 (2015) 2313–2329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Zhu, W. Jin, C. He, “On Evolutionary Economic Geography: A Literature Review Using Bibliometric Analysis,” European Planning Studies 27: 4 (2019) 639–660.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Zook, The Geography of the Internet Industry: Venture Capital, Dot-coms, and Local Knowledge (Malden: Blackwell, 2005).
   Google Scholar
• M. Zook, L. Devriendt, M. Dodge, “Cyberspatial Proximity Metrics: Reconceptualizing Distance in the Global Urban System,” Journal of Urban Technology 18:1 (2011) 93–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar